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All Journal ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities
Nila Ulfah, Khanandya
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Arts Humanities Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Social Sciences

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Vowel Insertion in Indonesian Phonology: A Generative Phonology Analysis with Phonetic Evidence Fanisa, Naza; Nila Ulfah, Khanandya; Rahmatul Khalik, Fajar; Suhery, Dedy
ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities Vol. 8 No. 4 (2025): DECEMBER
Publisher : Hasanuddin University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.34050/els-jish.v8i4.48851

Abstract

This study investigates vowel insertion in Indonesian by examining the phenomenon through both Generative Phonology and phonetic realization. The research is grounded in the framework of Chomsky and Halle (1968), who propose that phonological rules map underlying representations onto surface forms, and in Crystal’s (2008) description of epenthesis as the insertion of a sound to facilitate pronunciation. The data consist of Indonesian words containing illegal initial consonant clusters, alongside recordings from four native speakers whose pronunciations were analyzed auditorily. The generative phonology analysis reveals that vowel insertion functions as a systematic repair strategy triggered by clusters such as /st-/, /sp-/, /sk-/, and /sr-/, which violate Indonesian phonotactic constraints. The phonetic findings support this structure-driven analysis: all speakers consistently inserted a mid vowel—realized as [e] or [ə]—in the predicted environments, confirming the rule’s empirical validity. Taken together, the structural predictions and phonetic evidence demonstrate that Indonesian vowel insertion is both theoretically motivated and phonetically realized. The study contributes to the understanding of Indonesian phonology by showing how abstract phonological rules interact with actual speech production to maintain syllable well-formedness.
Code-switching and Its Relation to Language Acquisition : A Study of L1 Indonesian and L2 English Nila Ulfah, Khanandya; Br.Perangin-angin, Alemina
ELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): MARCH
Publisher : Hasanuddin University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.34050/els-jish.v9i1.48848

Abstract

This study examines the role of Indonesian–English code-switching in the process of second-language acquisition by synthesizing findings from previous research using a qualitative library method. The analysis shows that code-switching is a prominent linguistic practice in Indonesian educational and social contexts, serving multiple pedagogical, cognitive, and pragmatic functions. The findings reveal that code-switching operates as a cognitive scaffold, helping learners comprehend difficult English input by linking new information to familiar linguistic structures. It also reduces anxiety and increases classroom interaction, enabling students to participate more confidently during English lessons. In addition, frequent exposure to bilingual communication facilitates incidental vocabulary learning and contributes to the development of pragmatic competence, particularly through digital and peer interactions. However, the study also identifies potential drawbacks of excessive switching, including reduced English immersion and the emergence of hybrid morphological forms that may hinder grammatical accuracy. These findings highlight the complex and dual nature of code-switching: it is beneficial when used strategically but may become a barrier when overused. Overall, the study concludes that effective English language pedagogy in Indonesia requires a balanced approach that recognizes the supportive role of L1 while ensuring adequate exposure to English for long-term acquisition.
Co-Authors Br.Perangin-angin, Alemina Fanisa, Naza Rahmatul Khalik, Fajar Suhery, Dedy