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All Journal TEKNIK INFORMATIKA Jurnal Pengembangan Teknologi Informasi dan Ilmu Komputer
Nugraha, Rayhan Egar Sadtya
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Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Education Electrical & Electronics Engineering Engineering

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Perancangan dan Implementasi Testbed Jaringan Inti 5G Standalone Berbasis Open5GS dengan Pendekatan Containerized Network Function dan Orkestrasi K3s Nugraha, Rayhan Egar Sadtya; Yahya, Widhi; Siregar, Reza Andria
Jurnal Pengembangan Teknologi Informasi dan Ilmu Komputer Vol 10 No 2 (2026): Februari 2026
Publisher : Fakultas Ilmu Komputer (FILKOM), Universitas Brawijaya

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Abstract

Jaringan 5G mengadopsi Network Function Virtualization (NFV) sebagai pendekatan utama dalam penyediaan fungsi jaringan guna meningkatkan fleksibilitas dan efisiensi operasional. Dalam konteks 5G, penerapan NFV perlu diintegrasikan dengan prinsip cloud-native untuk mendukung skalabilitas dinamis, otomatisasi, serta pemanfaatan sumber daya yang efisien. Berdasarkan kebutuhan tersebut, penelitian ini merancang dan mengimplementasikan sebuah testbed jaringan inti 5G standalone berbasis Open5GS yang berorientasi pada arsitektur cloud-native. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membangun jaringan inti 5G standalone yang ringan dan fungsional, mengimplementasikan mekanisme high availability dan scalability, serta memastikan kepatuhan terhadap kerangka kerja ETSI MANO dengan deployment yang efisien sumber daya. Metodologi penelitian mencakup perancangan arsitektur sistem, implementasi K3s dengan Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA) untuk lima stateless control plane network functions, serta pengujian melalui validasi fungsionalitas, evaluasi manajemen siklus hidup, dan resource profiling. Kinerja implementasi K3s dengan HPA dibandingkan dengan Kubernetes (K8s) dan K3s single-pod sebagai baseline. Hasil validasi menunjukkan bahwa testbed mampu mencapai registration success rate dan PDU session establishment success rate sebesar 100 persen hingga 80 UE dengan throughput maksimum 76 Mbps. Evaluasi manajemen siklus hidup menunjukkan bahwa K3s berhasil mengimplementasikan fungsi VNFM melalui deployment controller, HPA, dan ReplicaSet dengan waktu deployment 15–21 detik, waktu pemulihan di bawah 30 detik, serta waktu penskalaan rata-rata 6,7 detik per replika. Selain itu, resource profiling menunjukkan efisiensi K3s dengan konsumsi memori 370–400 MB lebih rendah dibandingkan K8s, yang setara dengan pengurangan sebesar 18–22 persen. Hasil penelitian ini memvalidasi bahwa implementasi jaringan inti 5G berbasis cloud-native network function (CNF) bersifat fungsional, skalabel, patuh terhadap ETSI MANO, serta efisien dalam pemanfaatan sumber daya untuk lingkungan penelitian.
Starlink-Based IoT Network Performance Evaluation for Water Quality Monitoring in Remote Environments Amron, Kasyful; Kartikasari, Dany Primanita; Atarian, Tiara Calista Kusumawardani; Efendi, Archie Vian Nizam; Nugraha, Rayhan Egar Sadtya; Devy, Maritza Aliyya
JURNAL TEKNIK INFORMATIKA Vol. 19 No. 1: JURNAL TEKNIK INFORMATIKA
Publisher : Department of Informatics, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/jti.v19i1.50142

Abstract

Continuous water quality monitoring in remote and infrastructure-limited regions is constrained by the lack of reliable communication networks to support real-time IoT data transmission. Starlink offers a promising alternative due to its independence from terrestrial infrastructure, yet empirical evidence on its reliability as an end-to-end IoT communication backbone remains limited. This study therefore presents the design, implementation, and empirical network performance evaluation of a Starlink-based IoT system for real-time water quality monitoring. The proposed system integrates an ESP32 microcontroller with pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), and turbidity sensors, transmitting sensor data via a Starlink satellite link to a backend platform using the MQTT protocol with AES-128-GCM application-layer encryption. Received data are processed in Node-RED, stored in InfluxDB, and visualized through a Grafana real-time dashboard. Network performance was evaluated through five independent test iterations under both TCP and UDP transmission modes, measuring latency, jitter, packet loss, and throughput as key indicators of satellite link reliability for continuous IoT data transmission. The results demonstrate stable and reliable satellite connectivity, with latency consistently within 33–36 ms, jitter below 10 ms, zero packet loss across all configurations, and UDP throughput reaching up to 32.8 Mbps. TCP throughput was constrained to approximately 3.4–4.1 Mbps due to congestion control behavior over high-latency satellite links, a finding with direct implications for transport protocol selection in satellite-based IoT deployments. These results confirm that Starlink-based connectivity provides communication quality well in excess of the demands of periodic MQTT-based sensor transmission, demonstrating its feasibility as a reliable communication backbone for IoT-based water quality monitoring in environments where terrestrial infrastructure is unavailable or unreliable.
Co-Authors Atarian, Tiara Calista Kusumawardani Dany Primanita Kartikasari Devy, Maritza Aliyya Efendi, Archie Vian Nizam Kasyful Amron Reza Andria Siregar Widhi Yahya