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All Journal TOFEDU: The Future of Education Journal
Ardi, Hafidz
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Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Mathematics Other

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The Dynamics of Islamic Theology from the Classical to the Modern: The Dialectic of Revelation, Reason, and Inclusivism Ardi, Hafidz; Samad , Duski; Mamad, Firdaus ST
The Future of Education Journal Vol 4 No 9 (2025): #1
Publisher : Lembaga Penerbitan dan Publikasi Ilmiah Yayasan Pendidikan Tumpuan Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61445/tofedu.v4i9.1259

Abstract

The development of Islamic theology (Ilmu Kalam) reflects a long intellectual journey shaped by political, social, and philosophical dynamics from the early period of Islam to the contemporary era. This article explores the evolution of theological thought ranging from classical schools such as the Khawarij, Mu’tazilah, Asy’ariyah, and Maturidiyah to modern inclusive theology. Using a qualitative library research method, this study examines how debates on divine justice, human free will, and the nature of God contributed to the emergence of various theological orientations. The findings reveal that classical theology emerged primarily as a response to political conflict and interaction with foreign philosophical traditions, especially Greek rationalism. In contrast, modern theology emphasizes inclusive, humanistic, and contextual approaches, represented by thinkers such as Nurcholish Madjid, Fazlur Rahman, and Hasan Hanafi. Their ideas shift theological discourse from a rigid, apologetic pattern toward a paradigm that promotes pluralism, social ethics, and interreligious engagement. This study concludes that Islamic theology remains dynamic and relevant, as it continues to negotiate between tradition and modernity, reason and revelation, and exclusivism and inclusivism.
The Behaviorist Learning Theory from an Islamic Psychopedagogical Perspective and Its Implications for Modern Learning Ardi, Hafidz; Batubara , Juliana; Deliani , Nurfarida
The Future of Education Journal Vol 4 No 9 (2025): #1
Publisher : Lembaga Penerbitan dan Publikasi Ilmiah Yayasan Pendidikan Tumpuan Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61445/tofedu.v4i9.1261

Abstract

This article explores the behavioristic learning theory from psychological, pedagogical, and Islamic perspectives. The study aims to analyze the fundamental concepts of behaviorism, including stimulus-response mechanisms, reinforcement, and habit formation, and to identify their relevance in contemporary education. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, this article synthesizes the views of major behaviorist theorists such as Pavlov, Skinner, and Thorndike, along with Islamic perspectives on human potential and learning ethics. The findings show that behaviorism remains relevant in modern education, especially in structured learning, skill habituation, adaptive technology, and behavioral therapy. However, this theory needs to be integrated with cognitive, constructive, and spiritual dimensions to form a holistic learning framework-especially within Islamic education that emphasizes moral development and internal awareness.
Co-Authors Batubara , Juliana Deliani , Nurfarida Mamad, Firdaus ST Samad , Duski