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The Sufism, Human Solidarity, and Social Emancipation in Caste-Based Societies in South Asia Sakti, Cahaya Mulyani; Muttaqin, Mohammad Izdiyan; Umer Dar, Mulawarman; Tahreem, Saadiya; Hannase, Mulawarman
Islam Realitas: Journal of Islamic and Social Studies Vol. 11 No. 2 (2025): December 2025
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Sjech M. Djamil Djambek Bukittinggi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30983/islam_realitas.v11i2.9612

Abstract

This study critically examines how Sufism, as the esoteric dimension of Islam, functions—and is contested—as a form of emancipatory praxis fostering human solidarity within hierarchically structured societies in South Asia. Historically, Sufism has contributed to the formation of spiritual and social spaces that potentially transcend religious, ethnic, and caste boundaries. Within Hindu-influenced cultural contexts marked by inherited caste stratification, Sufi teachings articulate an alternative ethical paradigm grounded in tawḥīd, rearticulated as a theological critique of caste hierarchy, religious elitism, and social stratification, alongside principles of universal love (maḥabbah). Drawing on Paulo Freire’s theory of social emancipation and Asghar Ali Engineer’s Islamic liberation theology, this study employs a qualitative critical approach To analyze both the emancipatory potential and structural limitations of Sufism as a humanistic practice. The analysis focuses on Sufi shrines, devotional practices, and inter-communal interactions as sites in which equality and solidarity are negotiated within everyday social life. The findings suggest that while Sufi praxis can generate inclusive spaces and foster critical awareness among marginalized communities, its emancipatory capacity remains contingent upon broader power relations, socio-economic inequalities, and the institutionalization of spiritual authority. Studi ini secara kritis mengkaji bagaimana Sufisme, sebagai dimensi esoteris Islam, berfungsi—dan sekaligus diperdebatkan—sebagai suatu bentuk praksis emansipatoris yang menumbuhkan solidaritas kemanusiaan dalam masyarakat Asia Selatan yang terstruktur secara hierarkis. Secara historis, Sufisme telah berkontribusi pada pembentukan ruang-ruang spiritual dan sosial yang berpotensi melampaui batas-batas agama, etnis, dan kasta. Dalam konteks kebudayaan yang dipengaruhi oleh tradisi Hindu dan ditandai oleh stratifikasi kasta yang diwariskan, ajaran-ajaran Sufi merumuskan suatu paradigma etis alternatif yang berlandaskan pada tawḥīd, yang direartikulasi sebagai kritik teologis terhadap sistem kasta, elitisme keagamaan, dan hierarki sosial, serta didukung oleh prinsip cinta universal (maḥabbah). Dengan merujuk pada teori emansipasi sosial Paulo Freire dan teologi pembebasan Islam Asghar Ali Engineer, studi ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif-kritis untuk menganalisis baik potensi emansipatoris maupun keterbatasan struktural Sufisme sebagai praktik humanistik. Analisis difokuskan pada makam-makam suci Sufi, praktik-praktik devosional, dan interaksi antar-komunitas sebagai arena tempat nilai-nilai kesetaraan dan solidaritas dinegosiasikan dalam kehidupan sosial sehari-hari. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun praksis Sufi mampu menciptakan ruang-ruang inklusif dan menumbuhkan kesadaran kritis di kalangan komunitas yang terpinggirkan, kapasitas emansipatorisnya tetap bergantung pada relasi kuasa yang lebih luas, ketimpangan sosial-ekonomi, serta proses institusionalisasi otoritas spiritual.
The Emergence of Ideologies in the Post-Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Realist and Genealogical Geopolitical Analysis Sakti, Cahaya Mulyani; Muttaqin, Mohammad Izdiyan; Kurniawan, Hendra
Eduvest - Journal of Universal Studies Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): Eduvest - Journal of Universal Studies
Publisher : Green Publisher Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59188/eduvest.v6i2.52308

Abstract

Beyond the Middle East, this confrontation has evolved into a major international political issue with profound global repercussions. The shifting regional landscape and the realignment of alliances underscore the deep geopolitical dimensions shaped by the conflict. Rather than serving as neutral mediators, several global political actors have viewed this confrontation as an arena to consolidate and expand their influence in the Middle East, further intensifying the escalation. This phenomenon has fostered the emergence of diverse ideological movements responding to the conflict, particularly to the colonization undertaken by Zionist forces. This study examines how the Arab-Israeli conflict has shaped the modern global political order through a historical lens, leading to the emergence and transformation of ideological currents. Employing a qualitative approach that integrates historical analysis, case study, and genealogical discourse analysis within the frameworks of classical realism and geopolitical theory, the research traces the evolution of ideologies on both sides of the conflict. The findings reveal a complex landscape of ideological responses, categorized into Arab resistance movements (Pan-Arabism, Anti-Colonialism, Marxism/Arab Socialism), religion-based movements (Hamas, Hezbollah, Jewish Anti-Zionism, Revisionist Zionism, Religious Zionism, Christian Zionism), and global movements (Neoconservatism, BDS). The study concludes that the Arab-Israeli conflict is not merely a territorial struggle but an ideological battle encompassing questions of identity, religion, and global power, which significantly complicates the pursuit of a just and lasting peace.