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All Journal Sustainable in Energy Science and Technology
H.B. Aditiya
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Sampoerna University, 12780, Jakarta, Indonesia; Energy Research Center, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Sampoerna University, Jakarta, Indonesia
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Energy Engineering Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering Physics

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Second-Generation Bioethanol Production Using Hydrolytic Treatment of Durian Seed Aulia Djati Pramiesta; H.C. Theofany; Naurah Rizki Fajrini; H.B. Aditiya; Teuku Meurah Indra Riayatsyah
Sustainable in Energy Science and Technology Vol. 1 No. 1 (2025): Sustainable in Energy and Science Technology
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Medan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51510/siest.v1i1.2573

Abstract

Second-generation bioethanol produced from non-edible feedstocks and agricultural waste is a promising alternative to fossil fuels. In this study, durian (Durio zibethinus) seeds – an abundant fruit waste in Indonesia (over 1.14 million tons of durian fruit produced in 2018) – were utilized as a starch-rich feedstock for bioethanol. A microwave-assisted alkaline hydrolysis method was applied and optimized to release fermentable sugars for subsequent bioethanol production. A Box–Behnken experimental design was used to examine the effects of four parameters: NaOH concentration (0.5–1.0 M), durian seed loading (2–4 g/100 mL), microwave irradiation time (2–4 min), and microwave power (200–400 W). Reducing sugar yield (glucose equivalent) was quantified by the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. The maximum reducing sugar concentration achieved was 2.256 g/L, corresponding to a theoretical ethanol yield of approximately 1.305 g/L. The optimum condition was observed at 4 g durian seed loading, 1 M NaOH, 400 W microwave power, and 4 min irradiation. Regression analysis indicated that microwave power and time had the most significant positive effects on sugar yield, while substrate loading had a moderate effect and alkali concentration the least. These results demonstrate the viability of durian seed waste as a feedstock for bioethanol and provide an optimized set of hydrolysis conditions. However, due to experimental constraints, fermentation of the hydrolysate was not performed; instead, theoretical ethanol yield was calculated. Future work should integrate an actual fermentation step to confirm ethanol production.
Techno-Economic Study of Biodiesel Generation from Sterculia foetida Seeds Bilqist Imeilia Az Zahra; H.C. Theofany; Teuku Meurah Indra Riayatsyah; H.B. Aditiya; Bidattul S Zainal
Sustainable in Energy Science and Technology Vol. 1 No. 1 (2025): Sustainable in Energy and Science Technology
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Medan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51510/siest.v1i1.2574

Abstract

As fossil fuel reserves diminish and energy demand grows, biodiesel from non-edible oils has emerged as a promising renewable alternative. This study evaluates the feasibility of producing biodiesel from Sterculia foetida (Java olive) seeds, which contain 50–60 % oil. A second-generation biodiesel plant is designed and simulated using SuperPro Designer, covering oil extraction, transesterification, product purification, and by-product recovery. The plant processes 4,396 kg of seeds per hour in Lombok (Indonesia). Material and energy balances indicate nearly complete conversion to biodiesel, yielding ~16.19 million kg/year with a 0.001 % mass balance error. The total utility power demand is 6.2 million kWh/year, with the transesterification reactor consuming ~27 %. Economic evaluation (2021 USD) shows a capital investment of ~$3.82 million and annual operating cost of ~$20.72 million. At a biodiesel price of $1.00/L, annual revenue is ~$21.47 million, including ~$2.4 million from glycerol and co-products. Profitability metrics are positive: gross margin 3.48 %, ROI 19.67 %, payback period 5.08 years, IRR 9.14 %, and NPV ~$1.03 million. Sensitivity analysis shows profitability is most affected by biodiesel market price and feedstock cost. Overall, biodiesel production from Sterculia foetida is technically feasible and economically viable, diversifying Indonesia’s biodiesel feedstocks.
Co-Authors Aulia Djati Pramiesta Bidattul S Zainal Bilqist Imeilia Az Zahra H.C. Theofany H.C. Theofany Naurah Rizki Fajrini Teuku Meurah Indra Riayatsyah Teuku Meurah Indra Riayatsyah