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Chang, Siu Hua
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Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry

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Journal : Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering

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Effect of Equimolar Sodium Borohydride-Ferric Chloride Concentrations on Nano Zero-Valent Iron/Palm Shell Composites for Simultaneous Nanogold Recovery and Hydrogen Generation Nordin, Puteri Nur Syakinah; Helmy, Aina Syamimi Noor; Derek, Chan Juinn Chieh; Rajuli, Mohd Fariz; Chang, Siu Hua
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2026: BCREC Volume 21 Issue 2 Year 2026 (August 2026) (Issue in Progress)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20636

Abstract

Gold-containing waste solutions represent both an environmental liability and a valuable secondary resource, yet few existing technologies integrate nanogold recovery with sustainable hydrogen generation from these streams. In this study, the effect of equimolar sodium borohydride–ferric chloride (NaBH₄–FeCl₃) concentrations on the synthesis and performance of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI)/palm shell composites was systematically investigated for the simultaneous recovery of nanogold and generation of hydrogen from gold-containing aqueous solutions. The composites were synthesized at different equimolar NaBH₄–FeCl₃ concentrations (0.5–2.0 M), while maintaining a fixed overall molar ratio, with palm shell biomass employed as a support to suppress particle aggregation and preserve reactive surface area. Nanogold formation was evaluated using UV–Vis spectroscopy via localized surface plasmon resonance, while hydrogen evolution was quantified by a water-displacement method. Surface properties were characterized by BET analysis. Nanogold recovery increased progressively with increasing equimolar precursor concentration, whereas hydrogen production exhibited a non-linear dependence, reaching a maximum of 29.02 mL at 1.5 M, which also corresponded to the highest BET surface area (13.57 m²/g). Further increasing the equimolar NaBH₄–FeCl₃ concentration to 2.0 M led to surface passivation and diminished reactivity. These results demonstrate that equimolar precursor concentration plays a critical role in governing nZVI/palm shell composite structure and functionality. The optimized composite exhibits strong potential as a multifunctional material for integrated precious metal recovery and green hydrogen production, thereby contributing to sustainable circular resource utilization and clean energy technologies. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Effect of Sodium Borohydride to Ferric Chloride Molar Ratios on Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron for Hydrogen Generation from Formic Acid Yusuf, Siti Aishah; Meor Ahmad Zubairi, Meor Saiful Rizal; Abdul Halim, Siti Fatimah; Chang, Siu Hua
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2026: Just Accepted Manuscript and Article In Press 2026
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.20634

Abstract

Hydrogen generation from formic acid using nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) represents a promising route for low-cost and sustainable hydrogen production. However, the effect of sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) to ferric chloride (FeCl₃) molar ratio on nZVI synthesis and performance remains insufficiently explored. This study investigated how varying NaBH₄:FeCl₃ molar ratios affect nZVI synthesis characteristics and its hydrogen generation efficiency from formic acid, which acts as a safe and easily handled hydrogen carrier. nZVI was synthesized through a one-step liquid-phase chemical reduction method using NaBH₄:FeCl₃ ratios ranging from 4.4:1 to 8.8:1. UV–Vis spectroscopy indicated that the 4.4:1 ratio yielded the highest nZVI formation, reflecting optimal reduction efficiency and particle formation. Hydrogen generation experiments conducted in a closed reactor equipped with a water displacement system revealed that nZVI synthesized at the 4.4:1 ratio achieved the maximum hydrogen yield (98 mL), which progressively declined to 53 mL at the 8.8:1 ratio. These findings demonstrate that precursor molar ratios significantly influence nZVI formation, stability, and reactivity toward hydrogen evolution. An optimal NaBH₄:FeCl₃ ratio of 4.4:1 was identified for maximizing nZVI formation and hydrogen yield, providing valuable insights for developing scalable formic acid–based hydrogen generation systems.
Co-Authors Abdul Halim, Siti Fatimah Derek, Chan Juinn Chieh Helmy, Aina Syamimi Noor Meor Ahmad Zubairi, Meor Saiful Rizal Nordin, Puteri Nur Syakinah Rajuli, Mohd Fariz Yusuf, Siti Aishah