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All Journal Open Access Indonesia Journal of Social Sciences Open Access Indonesia Journal of Social Sciences
Jason Wilmare
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Humanities Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Environmental Science Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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The Digital Paradox: A Longitudinal Multi-Level Analysis of Social Media Engagement Intensity and Psychological Distress Trajectories Among Indonesian Adolescents (2022–2025) Vita Amanda; Jason Wilmare; Sonia Vernanda
Open Access Indonesia Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 8 No. 5 (2025): Open Access Indonesia Journal of Social Sciences
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/oaijss.v8i5.309

Abstract

The rapid digital transformation in Indonesia has positioned social media as a primary socialization agent for adolescents. However, the psychological cost of this connectivity remains poorly understood in the context of long-term exposure. This study examines the longitudinal relationship between social media intensity (SMI) and psychological distress among Indonesian youth. A multi-level longitudinal design was employed, tracking a cohort of 4,500 adolescents aged 12 to 18 across 12 urban and rural provinces in Indonesia from 2022 to 2025. Data were collected bi-annually using the Social Media Intensity Scale (SMIS) and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). Multi-level modeling (MLM) was utilized to account for the nested structure of data, specifically observations within individuals nested within provinces. Results indicated a significant U-shaped curvilinear relationship between SMI and psychological distress. While moderate use was associated with lower distress through social capital, high-intensity usage—defined as more than 5 hours daily—predicted a 42% increase in K10 scores (p<0.001). Socio-economic status and urbanicity significantly moderated these effects, with rural youth showing higher vulnerability to digital social comparison. In conclusion, excessive social media connectivity acts as a significant stressor for Indonesian adolescents. Intervention strategies must transition from simple screen-time restriction to nuanced digital resilience training that considers regional socio-economic disparities.
The Digital Paradox: A Longitudinal Multi-Level Analysis of Social Media Engagement Intensity and Psychological Distress Trajectories Among Indonesian Adolescents (2022–2025) Vita Amanda; Jason Wilmare; Sonia Vernanda
Open Access Indonesia Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 8 No. 5 (2025): Open Access Indonesia Journal of Social Sciences
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/oaijss.v8i5.309

Abstract

The rapid digital transformation in Indonesia has positioned social media as a primary socialization agent for adolescents. However, the psychological cost of this connectivity remains poorly understood in the context of long-term exposure. This study examines the longitudinal relationship between social media intensity (SMI) and psychological distress among Indonesian youth. A multi-level longitudinal design was employed, tracking a cohort of 4,500 adolescents aged 12 to 18 across 12 urban and rural provinces in Indonesia from 2022 to 2025. Data were collected bi-annually using the Social Media Intensity Scale (SMIS) and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10). Multi-level modeling (MLM) was utilized to account for the nested structure of data, specifically observations within individuals nested within provinces. Results indicated a significant U-shaped curvilinear relationship between SMI and psychological distress. While moderate use was associated with lower distress through social capital, high-intensity usage—defined as more than 5 hours daily—predicted a 42% increase in K10 scores (p<0.001). Socio-economic status and urbanicity significantly moderated these effects, with rural youth showing higher vulnerability to digital social comparison. In conclusion, excessive social media connectivity acts as a significant stressor for Indonesian adolescents. Intervention strategies must transition from simple screen-time restriction to nuanced digital resilience training that considers regional socio-economic disparities.
Co-Authors Sonia Vernanda Vita Amanda