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All Journal Scientific Journal of Engineering Research Scientific Journal of Computer Science Methods in Science and Technology Studies
Pius, Kevin Chinedu
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Computer Science & IT Engineering

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A Convolutional Neural Network Framework for Intelligent Intrusion Detection Oise, Godfrey Perfectson; Olanrewaju, Babatunde Seyi; Orukpe, Oshoiribhor Austin; Pius, Kevin Chinedu; Airhiavbere, Augustine Osazee
Scientific Journal of Computer Science Vol. 2 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : PT. Teknologi Futuristik Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.64539/sjcs.v2i1.2026.404

Abstract

The rapid expansion of cloud computing, Internet of Things (IoT), and distributed network environments has significantly increased vulnerability to sophisticated cyber threats, exposing the limitations of traditional signature-based intrusion detection systems. Although deep learning techniques, particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), have shown promising performance in intrusion detection, challenges related to validation transparency, statistical reliability, and interpretability remain inadequately addressed. This study proposes an intelligent CNN-based intrusion detection framework designed to improve detection accuracy, robustness, and model explainability. The framework is evaluated using the UNSW-NB15 benchmark dataset, which reflects realistic modern cyber-attack scenarios. A comprehensive preprocessing pipeline involving data cleaning, categorical encoding, feature normalization, and data reshaping is applied to enhance learning efficiency. To ensure unbiased evaluation, stratified k-fold cross-validation and an independent held-out test set are employed. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed CNN achieves a test accuracy of 91.8%, with balanced precision, recall, and F1-score across benign and malicious traffic classes. Multi-class detection analysis further confirms the model’s capability to distinguish among diverse attack categories. Statistical validation using mean performance metrics, standard deviation, and confidence intervals demonstrates stable generalization performance. Additionally, Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) is used to enhance interpretability by identifying network-level features that influence classification decisions. An ablation study further validates the effectiveness of key architectural components. The results indicate that the proposed framework provides a reliable, scalable, and interpretable solution for intelligent intrusion detection in modern high-dimensional network environments.
Isolation Forest–Based Intrusion Detection for Cyber-Physical Systems Oise, Godfrey Perfectson; Konyeha, Susan; Uloko, Felix Oshiorenoya; Pius, Kevin Chinedu; Eferoba–Idio, Enovwo; Edobor, Michael Uyiosa; Mintah, Evans; Ukpebor, Osahon; Sokoya, Oludare; Jessa, Tejiri
Scientific Journal of Engineering Research Vol. 2 No. 2 (2026): June
Publisher : PT. Teknologi Futuristik Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.64539/sjer.v2i2.2026.434

Abstract

Cyber-physical engineering systems (CPES) form the backbone of critical infrastructures such as power generation, industrial automation, and water treatment facilities. Because cyber intrusions in these environments can directly disrupt physical processes, reliable intrusion detection mechanisms are essential for maintaining operational safety and system resilience. However, many existing intrusion detection approaches rely on supervised learning techniques that require large volumes of labeled attack data, which are rarely available in real industrial environments. In addition, advanced detection methods often introduce significant computational overhead, limiting their practicality for deployment in resource-constrained cyber-physical systems. To address these challenges, this study proposes a one-class anomaly detection framework based on the Isolation Forest algorithm for monitoring cyber-physical engineering systems. The proposed approach learns the statistical distribution of normal operational behavior using multivariate sensor, actuator, and control signals, and identifies deviations from this learned pattern as potential cyber intrusions. The framework is evaluated using the Hardware-in-the-Loop–based Augmented Industrial Control System (HAI) Security Dataset, which provides realistic industrial process measurements under both normal and attack scenarios. Experimental results show that the model achieves overall accuracy (0.89) and strong performance in identifying normal operational states (F1-score = 0.94). However, attack detection shows moderate recall (0.48) but low precision (0.04) due to class imbalance and overlapping anomaly score distributions. These findings indicate that Isolation Forest serves as a computationally efficient baseline anomaly detection mechanism for real-time CPS monitoring, while highlighting the need for hybrid and temporally aware detection strategies to improve attack discrimination in industrial cyber-physical environments.
Energy-Efficient Federated Learning with Temporal Convolutional Networks for Intrusion Detection Oise, Godfrey Perfectson; Uloko, Felix Oshiorenoya; Pius, Kevin Chinedu; Oshasha, Roli Lydia; Osemwegie, Eric Edeigue; Obrorindo, Immunhierokene Clinton
Methods in Science and Technology Studies Vol. 2 No. 1 (2026): June Article in Process
Publisher : PT. Teknologi Futuristik Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.64539/msts.v2i1.2026.462

Abstract

The rapid proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has significantly increased the attack surface of modern network infrastructures, necessitating intelligent and scalable intrusion detection systems. Federated Learning (FL) has emerged as a promising paradigm for distributed model training without centralized data sharing; however, challenges such as energy efficiency, data heterogeneity, and privacy preservation remain inadequately addressed. Existing studies often emphasize optimization objectives theoretically without validating them under realistic constraints. This paper proposes an energy-aware federated learning framework integrating Temporal Convolutional Networks (TCNs) for intrusion detection using distributed network traffic data. The framework incorporates differential privacy for secure model updates and a conceptual energy-aware client participation strategy. Experiments are conducted on the UNSW-NB15 dataset under a controlled setting with fixed client participation and communication parameters. The results demonstrate that the proposed model achieves improved classification accuracy and stable convergence behavior across communication rounds while operating under a fixed energy budget. However, energy consumption remains constant due to controlled experimental conditions, indicating that the study evaluates performance under energy constraints rather than dynamic energy optimization. The findings highlight the effectiveness of TCN-based federated models for intrusion detection in resource-constrained environments. Future work will focus on dynamic energy modeling, heterogeneous client environments, and comprehensive multi-objective evaluation.
Co-Authors AIRHIAVBERE, Augustine Osazee Edobor, Michael Uyiosa Eferoba–Idio, Enovwo Jessa, Tejiri Konyeha, Susan Mintah, Evans Obrorindo, Immunhierokene Clinton Oise, Godfrey perfectson Olanrewaju, Babatunde Seyi Orukpe, Oshoiribhor Austin Osemwegie, Eric Edeigue Oshasha, Roli Lydia Sokoya, Oludare Ukpebor, Osahon Uloko, Felix Oshiorenoya