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All Journal English Learning Innovation (englie)
Tsani, Alfi Rianis
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Arts Humanities Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Social Sciences

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Subtitling cultural-specific items (CSIs): Strategies and quality in Induk Gajah Tsani, Alfi Rianis; Hariyanto, Sugeng; Junining, Esti
English Learning Innovation Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026): February
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22219/englie.v7i1.42609

Abstract

In the era of globalization, films served as influential audiovisual media for representing cultural values. However, subtitling Cultural-Specific Items (CSIs) presents linguistic and cultural challenges that affect meaning accuracy and audience acceptability. This study examined how CSIs are represented in the English subtitles of the Indonesian series Induk Gajah, with the aims of classifying the types of CSIs, identifying the subtitling strategies used, and assessing subtitle quality. A descriptive qualitative design with content analysis was employed, drawing on Newmark’s (2010) CSI categories, Pedersen’s (2011) subtitling strategies, and Pedersen’s (2017) FAR model. The analysis identified 149 CSIs across six categories, with personal life (67) and social life (50) being the most frequent, particularly kinship terms, food references, and social expressions rooted in Batak culture. Substitution was the most common strategy (66), followed by retention (25), direct translation (18), omission (17), generalization (14), and specification (9). The findings suggest a dominance of target-language-oriented strategies, prioritizing audience comprehension. Regarding quality, 85 subtitles showed no penalties, while 57 revealed issues with functional equivalence, particularly in culturally dense expressions.
Subtitling strategies in audiovisual translation: A case study of Cultural-Specific Items in Ngeri-Ngeri Sedap Tsani, Alfi Rianis; Junining, Esti; Hariyanto, Sugeng
English Learning Innovation Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026): February
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22219/englie.v7i1.42612

Abstract

Audiovisual translation (AVT) plays a crucial role in addressing the challenges of translating Cultural-Specific Items (CSIs) within film subtitles. This study, therefore, aims to analyse the translation procedures employed to render CSIs in the Indonesian film Ngeri-Ngeri Sedap. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, 150 CSIs were extracted from the film’s Indonesian-English subtitles. Each item was analysed using Vinay and Darbelnet’s (1995) classification of translation procedures and evaluated through Pedersen’s (2017) FAR model to assess subtitle quality in terms of functional equivalence, acceptability, and readability. The results show that seven procedures were applied: equivalence, borrowing, transposition, adaptation, calque, modulation, and literal translation. Equivalence was the most dominant strategy, reflecting the subtitler’s effort to convey culturally embedded meanings in a manner that remains accessible to global audiences. Borrowing frequently occurred when referring to Batak culture-specific expressions that had no direct English equivalents, helping to preserve authenticity despite potential reductions in acceptability. Transposition and adaptation supported grammatical clarity and functional meaning, while calque, modulation, and literal translation appeared infrequently due to their tendency to affect naturalness and readability. The study offers practical insights into how translation procedures affect subtitle quality and highlights the importance of culturally informed decision-making in AVT. The results contribute to a deeper understanding of subtitling strategies in Indonesian regional cinema and provide a foundation for further research on cultural mediation in multilingual audiovisual contexts.
Co-Authors Esti Junining Sugeng Hariyanto