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All Journal Jurnal Sosiologi Agama Indonesia (JSAI) Iklila: Jurnal Studi Islam dan Sosial
Khairani, Vira
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Religion Arts Humanities Education Social Sciences

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Rethinking Gold, Glory, and Gospel: An Interconnected Model of Colonial Power in Missionary Activity in North Sumatra, Indonesia Khairani, Vira; Fitriani
Jurnal Sosiologi Agama Indonesia (JSAI) Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Program Studi Sosiologi Agama Fakultas Ushuluddin dan Filsafat, Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry, Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/jsai.v7i1.9709

Abstract

This study reexamines the concepts of Gold, Glory, and Gospel by proposing an interconnected model of colonial power relations. While these concepts are commonly treated as separate motives of European expansion, this study argues that they operated simultaneously through the alignment of economic restructuring, political authority, and religious institutions. The analysis is grounded in a qualitative approach based on historical sociology, using a critical reading of historiographical sources related to the activities of the Rheinische Missionsgesellschaft (RMG) in Batak regions of North Sumatra between 1860 and 1910. The findings indicate that missionary institutions were embedded within broader colonial structures. Educational initiatives contributed to the formation of a local administrative workforce, missionary knowledge production supported colonial governance, and religious practices facilitated cultural adaptation that reshaped local belief systems. These processes were interconnected and functioned within a broader configuration of power that extended beyond military and economic control. The study further shows that the interaction between economic, political, and religious processes formed a structured and mutually reinforcing system. This configuration shows how colonial expansion operated through institutional and cultural mechanisms that were sustained over time.
IMPLEMENTATION OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION IN MEDAN CITY GOVERNMENT POLICIES: The Perspective of the Interfaith Harmony Forum (FKUB): IMPLEMENTASI MODERASI BERAGAMA DALAM KEBIJAKAN PEMERINTAH KOTA MEDAN: Perspektif Forum Kerukunan Umat Beragama (FKUB) Khairani, Vira; Fitriani; Lubis, Muhammad Nassar; Febrianti, Lidya
Jurnal Studi Islam dan Sosial Vol 9 No 1 (2026): April
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam (STAI) Khozinatul Ulum Blora

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61941/iklila.v9i1.630

Abstract

Indonesia faces the challenge of dynamic diversity, where religious moderation is a national priority for maintaining social harmony, but its implementation at the regional level often faces bureaucratic obstacles and gaps in understanding. This study aims to analyze the implementation of religious moderation policies by the Medan City Government from the perspective of the Forum for Religious Harmony (FKUB) as a strategic partner of the government. The method used is library research with a descriptive qualitative approach, relying on primary data in the form of Medan Mayor Regulation No. 28 of 2021 and the 2025 internal reference book of the FKUB of Medan City, supported by relevant secondary literature. The results of the study show that the Medan City Government has a fairly strong regulatory foundation, but from the FKUB's perspective, optimization is still needed in terms of operational budget support and more massive socialization down to the sub-district level to prevent conflicts over the establishment of houses of worship. In conclusion, the synergy between city government regulations and the mediating role of religious leaders in the FKUB is the key to the success of religious moderation in Medan City, thus requiring the strengthening of more intensive institutional dialogue. This study contributes to the scientific discourse by formulating a conflict resolution model that integrates 'Anak Medan' local wisdom and the 'Dalihan Na Tolu' philosophy into formal policy structures, providing a strategic alternative for strengthening religious moderation in heterogeneous urban areas.
Co-Authors Febrianti, Lidya Fitriani Lubis, Muhammad Nassar