<![CDATA[Identifying cracks in concrete structures is critical for structural health monitoring, as undetected cracks can lead to catastrophic infrastructure failure. Conventional manual inspections are labour-intensive, subjective, and costly, necessitating automated solutions capable of consistent and scalable deployment. This paper presents a systematic comparative study of four VGG16 transfer learning strategies for automated binary classification of concrete surface cracks. VGG16 was selected for its proven effectiveness in binary image classification tasks, well-established pre-trained feature representations from ImageNet, and low trainable parameter count that reduces overfitting risk on domain-specific datasets. A dataset of 40,000 concrete surface photographs was utilised, divided 80:20 for training and validation. Four training configurations were evaluated: Baseline CNN, Full Freeze, Partial Fine-Tuning, and Full Fine-Tuning, all trained using the Adam optimiser (learning rate 0.001), binary cross-entropy loss, and early stopping. Partial Fine-Tuning achieved the highest accuracy at 99.90%, followed by Full Freeze (99.84%) and Baseline CNN (99.69%). Full Fine-Tuning collapsed to 50.00% due to catastrophic forgetting. The best-performing Partial Fine-Tuning configuration achieved an AUC of 0.9998, precision of 0.9990, recall of 0.9990, and F1-score of 0.9990, with only 15 misclassifications out of 8,000 validation samples. These results confirm that Partial Fine-Tuning is the recommended strategy for concrete crack classification in structural health monitoring application.]]>
