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All Journal Indonesian Journal of Law and Economics Review Academia Open
Ameera K. Lafta
University of Technology
Economics, Econometrics & Finance Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health

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Migrationُ s Developmental Role in Human Capital Formation: Evidence from (Morocco, India, and Jordan): Peran Migrasi dalam Pembentukan Modal Manusia: Bukti dari (Maroko, India, dan Yordania) Shaymaa Rasheed Mohaisen; Ameera K. Lafta; Sohaila Abdul Zahra Mastour
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.13177

Abstract

General Background: International migration has become a defining global phenomenon shaping economic and social structures in both sending and receiving countries. Specific Background: Migration is closely linked to human capital formation through remittances, knowledge transfer, and labor mobility, while simultaneously generating challenges related to skilled labor outflows. Knowledge Gap: Existing studies present divergent findings and lack comparative analysis across countries with different migration profiles. Aims: This study examines the developmental role of migration in human capital formation using comparative evidence from Morocco, India, and Jordan. Results: The findings reveal a dual relationship in which migration supports skill accumulation, educational financing, and professional networking, while also contributing to brain drain and sectoral skill shortages. Novelty: The article provides a cross-country analytical framework that highlights context-specific migration outcomes. Implications: The results underline the importance of integrated migration and development policies that leverage remittances, diaspora networks, and return migration to support sustainable human capital development. Keywords: International Migration, Human Capital, Remittances, Brain Drain, Development Key Findings Highlights: Migration generates both skill accumulation and skilled labor loss across countries Remittances serve as a strategic resource for education and economic stability National policy context determines developmental outcomes of migration
Higher Education Spending and Sustainable Development Dynamics in Iraq Ameera K. Lafta
Indonesian Journal of Law and Economics Review Vol. 21 No. 1 (2026): February
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/ijler.v21i1.1495

Abstract

General Background: Higher education is widely recognized as a strategic pillar for achieving sustainable development, particularly in developing and post-conflict economies. Specific Background: In Iraq, structural instability, regional disparities, and digital inequality raise questions about how higher education financing and digital infrastructure relate to sustainable development trajectories. Knowledge Gap: Limited empirical studies integrate asymmetric time-series modeling with spatial econometric analysis to capture both temporal and geographic disparities in Iraq. Aims: This study examines the dynamic and spatial relationships between higher education expenditure, internet penetration, macroeconomic variables, and sustainable development indicators during 2003–2024 using NARDL and spatial panel models. Results: Findings reveal asymmetric responses, where reductions in education spending correspond to larger developmental setbacks than gains associated with increases, alongside significant spatial spillovers across governorates. Governance quality and unemployment mediate these relationships. Novelty: The study integrates nonlinear dynamic modeling with spatial econometrics to reveal cumulative and geographically clustered development patterns. Implications: Stable education financing, digital inclusion strategies, and regionally differentiated policies are essential for balanced and sustained development planning in Iraq. Highlights: Education budget reductions correspond to deeper long-run developmental declines. Strong spatial spillovers link governorate-level education and development patterns. Governance quality and unemployment shape cumulative development dynamics. Keywords: Higher Education, Sustainable Development, NARDL Model, Spatial Econometrics, Digital Divide
Co-Authors Shaymaa Rasheed Mohaisen Sohaila Abdul Zahra Mastour