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All Journal Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento
Putu Oka Samirana
Universitas Udayana
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health

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Green Extraction of Corn Silk Flavonoids Using NADES-UAE: Optimizing Conditions for Agricultural Waste Valorization Anak Agung Sagung Intan Kwanira Gayatri; Anak Agung Gede Rai Yadnya Putra; Putu Oka Samirana
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 14, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.1039-1045

Abstract

Corn silk (of Zea mays L.) is an agricultural waste that has not been optimally utilized, even though it is known to contain flavonoid compounds with various pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects. The flavonoid compounds in corn silk have the potential to be developed as natural raw materials for applications in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields. However, the extraction process for these active compounds often still uses organic solvents like methanol, which are toxic, flammable, and have negative impacts on health and the environment. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize the Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) method using a more environmentally friendly alternative solvent, namely Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES). The study was conducted in two main stages: selection of the best NADES composition and molar ratio from combinations of choline chloride with urea, glycerol, lactic acid, and malic acid; and optimization of UAE parameters including ultrasonic power, time, and temperature using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) model. The determination of total flavonoid content was performed using the colorimetric method with AlCl? reagent and quercetin standard, and the measurements were taken using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that the NADES combination of choline chloride:urea (1:2) with the addition of 30% aquades produced the highest flavonoid content compared to 80% methanol solvent. The optimal conditions for UAE extraction were obtained at 100 % ultrasonic power, 30 minutes of extraction time, and a temperature of 70°C, resulting in a total flavonoid content yield of 96.02 ± 0.48 mgQE/g of corn silk powder. This study concluded that the combination of NADES and UAE method can significantly enhance the extraction yield of total flavonoids while also providing a more sustainable and environmentally friendly solution for the utilization of agricultural waste, such as corn silk.
Eucheuma cottonii as a Natural Source for Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Management: A Narrative review I Made Agus Mahardika; Putu Oka Samirana
Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento Vol 12 No 1 (2026): Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento (In progress)
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36733/medicamento.v12i1.12689

Abstract

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder with a steadily increasing prevalence worldwide, including in Indonesia. Standard therapeutic approaches for T2DM are commonly associated with adverse effects, which has led to increasing interest in the use of herbal products and nutraceuticals. Eucheuma cottonii, an abundant red seaweed species in Indonesian waters, holds considerable potential as a preventive and therapeutic agent for T2DM due to its bioactive compound content.Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the potential of E. cottonii as a therapeutic agent through a literature review. Methods: This study is a literature review. Relevant literature was collected from several databases using specific keywords, and a total of 30 articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected for analysis.Results: Evidence suggested that E. cottonii comprises numerous bioactive substances compounds including flavonoids, phenolics, sulfated polysaccharides, and carrageenan, which demonstrate antidiabetic activity through multiple mechanisms. These compounds inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, lower blood glucose levels, and enhance insulin secretion via dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition. The antioxidant activity of E. cottonii is demonstrated by elevated levels of endogenous enzymes (SOD, GPx, GSH) and reduced ROS and MDA, while its anti-inflammatory effects were reflected in decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory enzymes (COX-2, LOX-5). Moreover, E. cottonii functions as a prebiotic, modulating gut microbiota, enhancing the population of Bifidobacterium spp., and improving the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, thereby contributing to better glucose metabolism.Conclusion: Based on these bioactivities, E. cottonii demonstrates strong potential for development as a multifunctional nutraceutical for the prevention and management of T2DM through antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and gut microbiota–modulating mechanisms.
Photoprotective Activities of Standardized Anredera scandens (L.) Moq. Leave Extract: an In-Vitro Study on UVB Absorption and UVA Protection Putu Oka Samirana; I Gusti Agung Anom Krisna Nugraha; Anak Agung Gede Rai Yadnya Putra
Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento Vol 12 No 1 (2026): Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento (In progress)
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36733/medicamento.v12i1.13690

Abstract

Background: Skin cancer is a worldwide disease caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation, both UVA and UVB rays. Interest in discovering new natural ingredients with photoprotective activity has increased research to find plants containing high amounts of phenolic and flavonoid compounds.Objective: This research aimed to assess the in vitro photoprotective activity of ASL (ethanol extract of Anredera scandens (L.) Moq. leaves) standardized based on the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia.Methods: Extraction was performed using the maceration method with 70% ethanol as the solvent. Parameters used to determine quality are drying loss, water content, total ash content, acid insoluble ash content, total flavonoid content, and total phenolic content. Photoprotective activity against UVB rays was determined by measuring SPF value using the Mansur spectrophotometric method, while activity against UVA rays was tested using the trans-resveratrol degradation model.Results: Results indicate that ASL extract fulfilled quality requirements based on total flavonoid content (9.983 ± 0.090%) and total phenolic content (13.098 ± 0.611%). The SPF value was increased proportional to the increase in concentration. The sample showed an SPF value of 5.96 when tested at a concentration of 200 µg/mL. SPF value reached 27.9 at 1,000 µg/mL. The UVA photoprotection assay indicated that the ASL extract provided limited protection against trans-resveratrol degradation, with a reduction of 18.90%, which was lower than the positive control but still significantly better than the negative control.Conclusion: ASL extract can be developed as a candidate for a natural-based photoprotective active ingredient, used as a single agent or supportive component for sunscreen products.
Co-Authors Anak Agung Gede Rai Yadnya Putra Anak Agung Sagung Intan Kwanira Gayatri I Gusti Agung Anom Krisna Nugraha I Made Agus Mahardika