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All Journal Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Menara Perkebunan
Muhammad Ilham
Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health

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Anatomical Structure of Young Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Leaves for Callogenesis Initiation Muhammad Ilham; Ernayunita Ernayunita
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 14, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2025.142.763-769

Abstract

Plant anatomy, a key area within biology, examines the structure and organization of plant organs and tissues. It underpins various disciplines such as physiology, ecology, taxonomy, and evolutionary biology. Anatomical data are typically obtained using the paraffin embedding, which facilitates detailed microscopic observations. In oil palm (Elaies guineensis Jacq.) tissue culture, young leaves are commonly used as explants in callogenesis inducing undifferentiated cell growth. The study aimed to describe anatomical characteristics of young oil palm leaves, analyze the correlation between anatomical traits across different leaf positions, and examine anatomical changes during callogenesis. Leaf samples were collected from positions -4, -5, -6, -7 and -8, processed using paraffin embedding technique, and analyzed microscopically. The percentages of callogenesis were also calculated for each leaf position. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT), and correlation analysis was performed in R Studio. The anatomical features included the adaxial and abaxial epidermis, cuticle, hypodermis, mesophyll (palisade and spongy parenchyma), vascular bundles (phloem and xylem), stomata, and sclerencyma. The correlations between mesophyll and leaf thickness were very strong (r= 0.97, p>0.05), indicating that as mesophyll tissue thickness increases, the overall leaf thickness also increases. Notably, leaves at position -8 exhibited the highest rate callogenesis, reaching 204%.
Histochemistry: Indicator for Somatic Embryogenesis of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Genotypes Pisifera and Tenera Muhammad Ilham; Ernayunita
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol. 94 No. 1 (2026): 94(1), 2026
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v94i1.689

Abstract

Somatic embryogenesis plays an important role in oil palm clone regeneration by enabling large-scale propagation of genetically uniform planting materials. Nevertheless, the practical implementation of this technique remains challenging, particularly due to the low efficiency of callus induction andembryos formation. This study aimed to evaluate the morphological characteristics and histochemical profiles associated with embryogenic development during oil palm somatic embryogenesis. The materials used consisted of callus and somatic embryos derived from Pisifera and Tenera genotypes with La Mé genetic background, each represented by four replications. Histochemical analyses were carried out using iodine potassium iodide (IKI) solution for starch detection, Millon’s reagent for protein localization, and potassium dichromate for phenolic compounds, followed by semi-quantitative intensity scoring on a 0-3 scale. Morphological observations identified four callus types, namely compact, aqueous, nodular, and aggregated, while embryo developmental progressed thorough globular, heart and scutellar phases. Histochemical analysis revealed that clone P1 showed the highest starch and protein accumulation (1.87) with relatively low phenolic content (1.22). In contrast, clone P2 exhibited the highest phenolic intensity (1.87) and the lowest starch accumulation (0.71). Clones P3 and P4 displayed relatively balanced metabolite accumulation patterns (1.58-1.87), suggesting more stable physiological condition during somatic embryo development. Two-way ANOVA demonstrated significant effect of metabolite type (starch, phenolics, and protein) and developmental phase (P1- P4) on staining intensity, with a significant interaction between both factors (P<0.0001). Overall, these findings indicate that the histochemical profiles reflect the physiological status of  tissues  and may provide preliminary insights into embryogenic development during oil palm somatic embryogenesis.
Co-Authors Ernayunita Ernayunita Ernayunita