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All Journal African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research
MacDonald Idu
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Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemistry Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health

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Biosafty Evaluation of “Makann” A Bi-herbal Formulation on Female Mice: Kidney and Liver Anne Oghenekevwe Itemire; MacDonald Idu; Bafor Evi Enitome; Gerald Ikechi Eze; Benjamin Ogunma Gabriel
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v2i2.5424

Abstract

This study evaluated the biosafety of “Makann”, a bi-herbal formulation (Garcinia kola and Carica papaya), on the kidneys and liver of female mice. The collected, washed, shade-dried and processed plant extract (the biherbal formulation) was administered in various groups of female mice at 2 g/kg as a single dose for 24 hours and 14 days, and 14 days daily dose, focusing on body weight, temperature, haematological parameters, organ weight, and histology of the organs using standard analytical methods. The results indicated the biherbal formulated extract at 2 g/kg had no significant difference in the body weight and temperature of the treated animals across single doses of 24 hr and 14 days and 14 daily doses when compared with the control. There was a significant increase in white blood cell count, lymphocyte count, red blood cell count, hemoglobin level, and mean corpuscle hemoglobin concentration in the 24-hr single-dose treated group. Platelet count was significantly increased in all treatment groups compared with the control (p<0.05). The effects of the biherbal extract showed no significant difference in organ weights (liver and kidney) in single doses of 24 hr and 14 days, and daily doses of 14 days when compared with the control groups (p<0.05). The histopathological evaluation of the understudied vital organs revealed no lesions or signs of hepatorenal toxicity across the treatment groups when compared with the control. The insignificant toxicity observed in the biherbal formulation across the studied parameters suggested that the biherbal formulation may exhibit less or no toxicity at the studied dose of 2000 mg/kg. In conclusion, the biherbal formulation may be used at 2 g/kg for safety purposes; further studies on its safety at long-term and other dose administrations should be carried out.
Anti-Diarrhoeal Activity of Azanza garckeana Fruit Aqueous Extract Using Swiss Mice Benjamin Ogunma Gabriel; Grace Nonye Ifechukwude; Innocent Inomo Inomo; Ofunre Ozolua Eboreime; Evonamhe Emmanuel Oloruntoba; MacDonald Idu
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 3 No 1 (2026): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v3i1.9181

Abstract

Traditional medicine encompasses medical therapies, methods, theories, and practices that employ products derived from plants, animals, and minerals, as well as spiritual and manual therapies and exercises. This study aimed to evaluate the antidiarrheal potential of Azanza garckeana in Swiss mice. Different doses of the plant extract (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) were assessed using castor oil–induced diarrhea and gastrointestinal transit models. The results showed that the extract produced a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the frequency of defecation of wet feces and in total fecal output compared with the control group. At higher doses, the extract also elicited significant (p < 0.05) antimotility effects relative to untreated controls. These findings validate the ethnomedicinal use of Azanza garckeana as an effective antidiarrheal agent and indicate the need for further studies on compound isolation, characterization, and pharmacological evaluation.
Antioxidant and Chromatographic Profile of Ganoderma lucidum MacDonald Idu; Susan Omo Okojie; Benjamin Ogunma Gabriel; John  A.  Okhuoya
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 1 No 2 (2024): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v1i2.3475

Abstract

Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal fungus which possesses a wide range of biological activities due to its nutritional, antioxidant and therapeutic values. This study examine the antioxidant and phytochemical properties of G. lucidum aqueous extracts in Sample A (boiled for 1 hour) and Sample B (boiled for 3 hours). The antioxidant activity and DPPH radical-scavenging assay were determined using standard procedures, while further phytochemical composition of the extracts was determined through chromatographic analysis. Sample A demonstrated higher DPPH radical scavenging activity (67.85%) while Sample B, displayed an increased trend with time compared with ascorbate. Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) analysis, revealed Sample A with higher TAC (56.79 mg/ml) than Sample B (51.71 mg/ml). Phytochemical composition of G. lucidum aqueous extracts exhibited higher percentage of alkaloids at Sample A (3.00 ± 0.12%) and TAC (56.79 ± 0.04 µg/ml), while Sample B displayed higher percentages of saponins (8.00 ± 0.12%), flavonoids (51.50 ± 0.77 µg/ml), proanthocyanidins (38.23 ± 0.18 µg/ml), phenols (16.18 ± 0.07 µg/ml), and FRAP (64.00 ± 2.00 mg/ml). Chromatographic profiles illustrated that both samples displayed 32 peaks, with varying constituents. The highest peak in Sample A was recorded at PEAK 22 (31.317), while in Sample B was observed at PEAK 37 (35.927). These peaks represented different identified constituents, including Pyrrolidine, 1-methyl-3, 2'-spiro-benzo-1, 3-dioxolane-Benzene, 1,3,5-tris(2,2-dimethylpropyl)-2-iodo-4-nitro-Propanamide, and 2,2-dimethyl-N-(3-methylphenyl)-. These findings provide insights into the potential health benefits associated with G. lucidum and guide further exploration of its bioactive compounds.
Anti-intra Ocular Pressure of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Leaf Aqueous Extract on Prednisolone-Induced intra Ocular Pressure in Rabbits Stella E. Odjimogho; MacDonald Idu; Sunny E. Odjimogho; Benjamin O. Gabriel
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 2 No 1 (2025): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v2i1.4590

Abstract

Intraocular pressure is generated by the dynamics of secretion and outflow of aqueous humour, a transparent colorless fluid (secretion) that fills the complex space in the front part of the eye. This study is aimed at investigating the effect of Stachytarpheta jamaicensi leaf aqueous extract on induced intraocular pressure (IOP) in rabbits to validate its ocular potential. The experiment involved twenty five (25) healthy adult rabbits (n=5), divided into negative positive and positive control (0.5% timolol), and the treatment groups (SJ) at graded concentrations (0.00351, 0.00702 and 0.0143 mg/ml).The baseline IOP value of all rabbits were measured with Perkins hand-held applanation tonometer before the commencement of the study. Thereafter, the IOP of the experimental and treatment groups were induced with daily instillation of 1% prednisolone suspension for one week until IOP reading was 5 mm. Hg above the baseline level. The treatment groups were administered with varying concentrations of the aqueous extract of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis. The IOP was also measured at intervals before each application of aqueous extract until the IOP returned to baseline level. The result showed the distribution of the mean IOP before, and after instillation with 1% Prednisolone suspension and the treatment with varying concentrations of S. jamaicensis extract. The observed mean IOP before and after the treatment with prednisolone was 8.77±0.5 mmHg, and 14.2±0.51 mmHg respectively. After oral application of S. jamaicensis extract had a significant mean IOP decrease across the days when compared with the controls. The decrease in mean IOP was observed with a significant increase at higher concentrations of the extract, hence the plant caused a reduction in IOP level. Inconclusion, the plants have been implicated in reducing intraocular pressure in rabbits, thus may be helpful in the management of intraocular pressure (IOP), thereby, required further study to validate the efficacy of the extract.
Biosafety Profiling of “Makann”, a Bi-herbal Formulation in Histopatology of the Brain and Uterus Anne Oghenekevwe Itemire; MacDonald Idu; Bafor Evi Enitome; Gerald Ikechi Eze; Benjamin Ogunma Gabriel
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v2i2.5456

Abstract

The biosafety of Garcinia kola and Carica papaya aqueous root extract "makann," a bi-herbal formulation, on the brain and uterus of female mice was examined. Plant roots were harvested, washed, shade-dried, and processed into an aqueous formulation extract. The bi-herbal formulation extract was administered orally at a dose of 2 g/kg in the treatment groups, as a single dose for 24 hr and 14 days, with a daily dose of 2 g/kg for 14 days. The investigation measured body weight, temperature, hematological parameters, organ weights (brain and uterus), and histology of the organs using standard experimental techniques. The results revealed no significant changes in body weight and temperature in the treated animals compared to the control group in all treatment groups. Hematological parameters in the 24-hour treated group showed a significant increase in white blood cell count, lymphocytes, red blood cell count, hemoglobin levels, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration compared to the control (p<0.05). However, in 24-hr single, 14-day single and 14-day daily doses, platelet count was significantly increased. The organ weights of the brain and utserus showed no significant difference in bi-herbal formulation extract-treated groups compared with the control group (p<0.05). Histopathological evaluations of the examined organs did not reveal any lesions or signs of toxicity in the brain and uterus across all treatment groups compared to the control. In conclusion, the non-adverse changes in the parameters studied suggest that the bi-herbal formulation at 2 g/kg and for a period not more than 2 weeks may exhibit minimal or no toxicity, and its effect on long-term use should be investigated.
Effects of Reproductive and Contractile Potential of “Makann” a Bi-herbal Formulation in Mice Anne Oghenekevwe Itemire; MacDonald Idu; Bafor Evi Enitome; Benjamin Ogunma Gabriel
African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajcmpr.v2i2.5154

Abstract

Spontaneous uterine contractions are strictly controlled and coordinated for the success of various reproductive functions. The aim of this study was to evaluate uterine activity of bi-herbal formulation of G. kola and C. papaya roots in rodents. Ex-vivo BH cumulative concentrations response on spontaneous contractions, oxytocin induced contraction in the presence and absence of calcium and potassium induced contraction were determined. In vivo reproductive investigation in female mice and oestrogenicity in immature rats were carried out using standard methods. In uterine contractility studies, there was an increase in amplitude of spontaneous contractions with a steady decrease in the frequency. An increase in oxytocin amplitude and frequency was observed in calcium physiological salt solution (PSS) however, only amplitude was increased in oxytocin calcium-free PSS. Potassium chloride had a slight increase in amplitude. The reproductive cycle and uterothrophic assay exhibited no significant increase in relative uterine weight. The histology of the ovary, cervix and uterus showed normal cellular structural architecture. Oestrous cycle regularity and cycle number were increased in the BH treatment groups. In conclusion, an increase in female hormone as evident in oestrous cycle response validate the use of this formulation in traditional medicine for the treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding.
Phytochemistry and Uterine Contractile Effect of VLC Fractionated Bi-herbal Formulation “Makann” in Mice Anne Oghenekevwe Itemire; MacDonald Idu; Bafor Evi Enitome; Josephine Omose Ofeimun; Benjamin Ogunma Gabriel
African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajcmpr.v2i2.5155

Abstract

This study evaluate the phytochemistry, uterine activity of a bi-herbal formulation of G. kola and C. papaya roots in rodents. Identification of phytochemical compounds in BH was done using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fractionated with vacuum liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography. Ex-vivo BH elicited cumulative concentrations response on spontaneous contractions of oxytocin-induced contraction in the presence and absence of calcium and potassium induced contraction. The Phytochemicals showed alkaloids (Hordenine, Cytisine, Methyl Jasmonate, Galanthamine and an unidentified compound), flavonoids (benzoic acid, isoquercetin, rutin, chlorogenic acid and an unidentified compound), phenols (eugenol and ferulic acid) and cardiac glycosides (metildigoxin, cymarin and alpha-acetyldigoxin). The fractions were tested for spontaneous uterine contractions. Uterine contraction had an isncrease in amplitude spontaneous contractions with a steady decrease in frequency. In conclusion, the results obtained from this study adhere to the folklore report, validating its myometrial contractile response with the implicated phytoconstituents.
Co-Authors Anne Oghenekevwe Itemire Bafor Evi Enitome Benjamin O. Gabriel Benjamin Ogunma Gabriel Evonamhe Emmanuel Oloruntoba Gerald Ikechi Eze Grace Nonye Ifechukwude Innocent Inomo Inomo John  A.  Okhuoya Josephine Omose Ofeimun Ofunre Ozolua Eboreime Stella E. Odjimogho Sunny E. Odjimogho Susan Omo Okojie