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All Journal African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research
Obasi Blessing Chidi
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Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemistry Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health

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Microbial Quality Assessment of Kunun Zaki Local Beverages Sold in Wukari Metropolis, Taraba State, Nigeria Obasi Blessing Chidi; Gago Nasiha Bulus
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v2i2.6138

Abstract

Kunun-zaki is a traditional indigenous beverage widely consumed in Northern Nigeria, typically prepared from millet, guinea corn, or maize. Milky in appearance, kunun-zaki is rich in carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals, but low in protein content, and is often consumed within a few hours of production. This study aimed to assess the microbial quality of kunun-zaki sold in Wukari metropolis to evaluate its safety for consumer intake. A total of 40 kunun-zaki samples were collected from vendors across four different clusters, with ten samples obtained from each zone. The samples were analyzed for microbial load using standard microbiological procedures. Results indicated total aerobic plate counts ranging from 9.8×10⁵ to 1.0×10⁵ cfu/ml in Zone A; 9.7×10⁵ to 1.21×10⁵ cfu/ml in Zone B; 9.7×10⁵ to 1.0×10⁵ cfu/ml in Zone C; and 4.96×10⁵ to 1.12×10⁵ cfu/ml in Zone D. Bacterial isolates identified across all zones included Staphylococcus spp. (24.6%), Escherichia coli (20.9%), Micrococcus (19.7%), Pseudomonas (9.2%), Salmonella spp. (7.4%), Bacillus spp. (6.17%), Klebsiella spp. (4.3%), Vibrio spp. (3.08%), and Enterobacter spp., which appeared in Zones A (2.4%) and D (4.87%). The high bacterial load and presence of pathogenic species indicate significant contamination, posing potential health risks to consumers. The study concludes with a call for stringent hygienic practices among producers and vendors during the preparation and storage of kunun-zaki to safeguard public health.
Evaluation of Trace Element Levels and Microbiological Quality of Borehole and Well Water from Different Sources in Wukari, Taraba State Obasi Blessing Chidi; Elegbede Blessing Olawumi
African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research Vol 2 No 3 (2025): African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajcmpr.v2i3.7365

Abstract

This study assessed the levels of trace elements and microbiological quality of groundwater sources from boreholes and wells in Wukari. Sampling was conducted at five locations, with five samples each collected from boreholes and wells and analyzed using standard procedures. For borehole samples, trace element concentrations ranged from iron (Fe: 0.0127–0.0145 ppm), chromium (Cr: 0.0014–0.0110 ppm), manganese (Mn: 0.0019–0.0183 ppm), and copper (Cu: 0.0013–0.0155 ppm). Well water samples showed higher variability, with Fe (0.0216–0.6216 ppm), Cr (0.0190–0.1786 ppm), Mn (0.0109–0.0291 ppm), and Cu (0.0101–0.0425 ppm). All samples were within World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits, except for elevated Fe in sample EPW (0.6216 ppm) and high Cr in samples OMW and EPW (0.1190 ppm and 0.1786 ppm, respectively). Zinc was not detected in any sample. Microbiological analysis revealed aerobic plate counts ranging from 3.1 × 10⁷ to 8.0 × 10⁷ cfu/ml, with no coliform or fungal growth detected. Bacterial isolates included Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp., Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, with Klebsiella spp. and E. coli being predominant. While trace element levels suggest that groundwater sources are largely safe for drinking, the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria highlights the need for appropriate treatment before consumption or use in food processing. These findings underscore the importance of continuous monitoring to safeguard public health and prevent waterborne diseases.
Co-Authors Elegbede Blessing Olawumi Gago Nasiha Bulus