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All Journal African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Open Access DRIVERset Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Open Access DRIVERset
Bifam Mathias
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Environmental Science Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Nursing Public Health Social Sciences

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Extraction and Characterization of Dye Extract from Bridelia ferruginea Joshua Yakubu; Andema Aaron Kanadi; Bifam Mathias; Peter Michael Dass
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 3 No 1 (2026): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v3i1.9399

Abstract

This study investigated the extraction and characterization of a natural dye from the stem of Bridelia ferruginea using the Soxhlet method. The extraction yielded 32% dye extract, which exhibited a maroon color, a pH of 5.10, a melting point of 200–210 °C, a density of 1.20, partial solubility in water, and complete solubility in methanol. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids, whereas phenols and anthraquinones were absent. The dye extract also demonstrated inhibitory activity against certain bacterial and fungal organisms. Characterization using FTIR, UV-Visible spectroscopy, SEM, TGA, and GC-MS further elucidated its properties. FTIR analysis indicated the presence of O–H stretching, C–H stretching, C=C stretching, C–H bending, and C–O stretching functional groups. The UV-Visible spectrum showed distinct absorption peaks, with the most prominent peak observed at 304 nm and an absorbance value of 2.4889. SEM analysis revealed compact, fused, or crystalline-like surface structures. TGA showed thermal stability in three stages, with initial weight loss occurring between 30 and 150 °C, major weight loss between 250 and 450 °C, and residual mass remaining above 500 °C. GC-MS analysis identified 18 compounds with different retention times and intensities, among which maltose showed the highest intensity (2.50), while propanoic acid and tetral glycol showed lower intensities (0.20). These findings demonstrate that the stem extract of Bridelia ferruginea possesses notable physicochemical, phytochemical, antimicrobial, and structural characteristics relevant to its potential use as a natural dye.
Extraction and Characterization of Dye Extract from Bridelia ferruginea Joshua Yakubu; Andema Aaron Kanadi; Bifam Mathias; Peter Michael Dass
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 3 No 2 (2026): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v3i2.10007

Abstract

Natural dyes have attracted increasing attention as sustainable alternatives to synthetic colorants, particularly because of their potential functional and bioactive properties. This study aimed to extract and characterize a natural dye from the stem of Bridelia ferruginea and evaluate its physicochemical, phytochemical, antimicrobial, thermal, morphological, and spectroscopic properties. The dye was extracted using the Soxhlet method, yielding 32%. The physical characterization showed that the extract was maroon in color, had a pH of 5.10, a melting range of 200–210°C, a density of 1.20, partial solubility in water, and complete solubility in methanol. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids, while phenols and anthraquinones were absent. The dye extract also inhibited the growth of selected bacterial and fungal organisms. Instrumental characterization was conducted using FTIR, UV–Visible spectroscopy, SEM, TGA, and GC–MS. FTIR analysis indicated the presence of O–H stretching, C–H stretching, C=C stretching, C–H bending, and C–O stretching vibrations. UV–Visible spectroscopy showed distinct absorption peaks, with the most prominent peak observed at 304 nm and an absorbance value of 2.4889. SEM analysis revealed compact, fused, and crystalline-like structures, while TGA indicated three stages of thermal stability: initial weight loss between 30 and 150°C, major weight loss between 250 and 450°C, and residual mass above 500°C. GC–MS analysis identified 18 compounds with their respective retention times and intensities; maltose showed the highest intensity at 2.50, whereas propanoic acid and tetral gyvcol showed lower intensities of 0.20. The study concludes that B. ferruginea stem extract possesses promising dye characteristics, bioactive constituents, antimicrobial potential, and measurable thermal stability. These findings contribute to the development of plant-based natural dyes for sustainable material and bioresource applications.
Extraction and Characterization of Dye Extract from Bridelia ferruginea Joshua Yakubu; Andema Aaron Kanadi; Bifam Mathias; Peter Michael Dass
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 3 No 1 (2026): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v3i1.9399

Abstract

This study investigated the extraction and characterization of a natural dye from the stem of Bridelia ferruginea using the Soxhlet method. The extraction yielded 32% dye extract, which exhibited a maroon color, a pH of 5.10, a melting point of 200–210 °C, a density of 1.20, partial solubility in water, and complete solubility in methanol. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids, whereas phenols and anthraquinones were absent. The dye extract also demonstrated inhibitory activity against certain bacterial and fungal organisms. Characterization using FTIR, UV-Visible spectroscopy, SEM, TGA, and GC-MS further elucidated its properties. FTIR analysis indicated the presence of O–H stretching, C–H stretching, C=C stretching, C–H bending, and C–O stretching functional groups. The UV-Visible spectrum showed distinct absorption peaks, with the most prominent peak observed at 304 nm and an absorbance value of 2.4889. SEM analysis revealed compact, fused, or crystalline-like surface structures. TGA showed thermal stability in three stages, with initial weight loss occurring between 30 and 150 °C, major weight loss between 250 and 450 °C, and residual mass remaining above 500 °C. GC-MS analysis identified 18 compounds with different retention times and intensities, among which maltose showed the highest intensity (2.50), while propanoic acid and tetral glycol showed lower intensities (0.20). These findings demonstrate that the stem extract of Bridelia ferruginea possesses notable physicochemical, phytochemical, antimicrobial, and structural characteristics relevant to its potential use as a natural dye.
Extraction, Application and Characterization of Dyed Fabric from Ptericarpus erinaceous Joshua Yakubu; Bifam Mathias; Andema Aaron Kanadi; Sunday Akuewanhor Osemeahon
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 3 No 3 (2026): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v3i3.11827

Abstract

Growing environmental and health concerns regarding synthetic dyes have renewed interest in natural colorants for textile applications. This study aimed to extract dye from the stem of Pterocarpus erinaceus, apply it to cotton fabric, and characterize the resulting dyed material. The dye was extracted through maceration, producing a yield of 16%. The extract was initially applied without a mordant and subsequently using pre-mordanting, simultaneous mordanting, and post-mordanting techniques with CuSO₄, KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O, and FeSO₄·7H₂O. Post-mordanting produced the most attractive shades, including dark brown, brown, and gray, with dye-absorption values of 0.07, 0.07, and 0.05 for CuSO₄, KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O, and FeSO₄·7H₂O, respectively. The dyed fabrics exhibited moderate-to-good color fastness to washing, rubbing, and light, with ratings ranging from 3.0 to 5.0; mordanted samples generally demonstrated superior performance. Scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis further indicated a strong relationship between the surface morphology and thermal behavior of the dyed cotton fabrics. These findings demonstrate the potential of P. erinaceus stem extract as a natural dye for cotton textiles and provide a basis for further research evaluating natural mordants as alternatives in sustainable textile coloration.
Extraction, Application and Characterization of Dyed Fabric from Ptericarpus erinaceous Joshua Yakubu; Bifam Mathias; Andema Aaron Kanadi; Sunday Akuewanhor Osemeahon
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 3 No 3 (2026): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v3i3.11827

Abstract

Growing environmental and health concerns regarding synthetic dyes have renewed interest in natural colorants for textile applications. This study aimed to extract dye from the stem of Pterocarpus erinaceus, apply it to cotton fabric, and characterize the resulting dyed material. The dye was extracted through maceration, producing a yield of 16%. The extract was initially applied without a mordant and subsequently using pre-mordanting, simultaneous mordanting, and post-mordanting techniques with CuSO₄, KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O, and FeSO₄·7H₂O. Post-mordanting produced the most attractive shades, including dark brown, brown, and gray, with dye-absorption values of 0.07, 0.07, and 0.05 for CuSO₄, KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O, and FeSO₄·7H₂O, respectively. The dyed fabrics exhibited moderate-to-good color fastness to washing, rubbing, and light, with ratings ranging from 3.0 to 5.0; mordanted samples generally demonstrated superior performance. Scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis further indicated a strong relationship between the surface morphology and thermal behavior of the dyed cotton fabrics. These findings demonstrate the potential of P. erinaceus stem extract as a natural dye for cotton textiles and provide a basis for further research evaluating natural mordants as alternatives in sustainable textile coloration.
Co-Authors Andema Aaron Kanadi Joshua Yakubu Peter Michael Dass Sunday Akuewanhor Osemeahon