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All Journal African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Joshua Yakubu
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Environmental Science Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Materials Science & Nanotechnology Nursing Public Health Social Sciences

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Assessment of Five Heavy Metals in Water, Sediment and Catfish-Clarias gariepinus from River Benue at Ibi, Taraba State, Nigeria Gani Johnson; Ago Mikyitsabu Atoshi; Joshua Yakubu; Stephen I. Audu
African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/amjsai.v1i1.3368

Abstract

Water is also a vital resource for agriculture, manufacturing and other human activities. In urban areas, the careless disposal of industrial effluents and other wastes into rivers may contribute greatly to the poor quality of river water. This research is to assess the level of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in Catfish-Clarias gariepinus and the sediment from River Benue at Ibi, Taraba state, Nigeria. The level of heavy metals in water, sediment and catfish from the study area were assess and the estimate contamination factor and pollution load index in the sediment of the study area was also access and compared with the WHO results and other relevant standards. The results shows that the concentration of heavy metal in fish was within the WHO permissible limits. Also the concentration of Pb, Zn and Ni in catfish were significantly (P≤0.05) higher compared to the metals but they were within the WHO permissible limits except for Cd. Heavy metal concentrations in sediment were within the acceptable WHO and USEPA limits, except for Cd, and Mn. PLI values for sediment from all the sites were less than one, implying that the sediment was unpolluted. The persistence of heavy metals in water, fish and sediment samples from the studied areas over time might lead to potential health risk on both humans and aquatic lives via food ingestion. Changes in water and sediment chemistry might be responsible for the variations in the chemical properties of sediment, water and fish.
Extraction, Characterization and Application of Natural Dye Extract from Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) on Cotton Fabric Gani Johnson; Joshua Yakubu; Ago Mikyitsabu Atoshi; Sarki Atoma-ti Emmanuel
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v1i1.3496

Abstract

Using a Soxhlet system, natural dye was extracted from beetroot (Beta vulgaris) and applied to cotton fabric. With the use of FT-IR, GC-MS, and UV-visible spectroscopy, the extracted dye was analyzed. On the cotton cloth that had been dyed, the properties of scouring, wash fastness, and light fastness were assessed. Using a mordant, the cotton fabric was treated with the natural dye extract. The dye extract has a red colour. According to the FTIR characterization data suggested the presence of N-H, C-H, C=C, C-H, C-N and C-Cl functional groups in the dye extract. Fifty one compounds were isolated and identified by the GC-MS Melezitose, 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural and 4-Mercaptophenol has the higest percentage area (70.19 %) and Cis-10-Nonadecenoic acid, 9-Octadecenoic acid, (E)-, and cis-Vaccenic acid has the lowest percentage area (0.07%). N-H and C=C were the chromophores found in the dye extract.The color fastness to wasshing test revealed that the materials' fastness grade increased to a range of 3, indicating a fair grade of fastness, when the dye was applied using SnCl2 as a mordant.While the color fastness to light showed that cotton fabric was dyed with mordants, the fastness grade increased to a range of 5, which indicates a moderate fading resistance, when the dye was applied to the fabrics using FeSO4 as the mordant. Using K2Cr2O7 as the mordant, the fastness grade slightly decreases to a range of 1, indicating very poor grade of fastness. The result of colour fastness and SnCl2 light fastness of the dye demonstrated a moderate resistance to fading and a fair color look on cotton fabric. The colour fastness to rubbing showed that 3-4 and 2-3 colour changes were experienced for dry and wet rubbing respectively with mordant. The outcome of colour fastness of the dye showed a very good affinity to remain on the fabric when mordant was applied.
Extraction and Characterization of Dye Extract from Bridelia ferruginea Joshua Yakubu; Andema Aaron Kanadi; Bifam Mathias; Peter Michael Dass
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 3 No 1 (2026): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v3i1.9399

Abstract

This study investigated the extraction and characterization of a natural dye from the stem of Bridelia ferruginea using the Soxhlet method. The extraction yielded 32% dye extract, which exhibited a maroon color, a pH of 5.10, a melting point of 200–210 °C, a density of 1.20, partial solubility in water, and complete solubility in methanol. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids, whereas phenols and anthraquinones were absent. The dye extract also demonstrated inhibitory activity against certain bacterial and fungal organisms. Characterization using FTIR, UV-Visible spectroscopy, SEM, TGA, and GC-MS further elucidated its properties. FTIR analysis indicated the presence of O–H stretching, C–H stretching, C=C stretching, C–H bending, and C–O stretching functional groups. The UV-Visible spectrum showed distinct absorption peaks, with the most prominent peak observed at 304 nm and an absorbance value of 2.4889. SEM analysis revealed compact, fused, or crystalline-like surface structures. TGA showed thermal stability in three stages, with initial weight loss occurring between 30 and 150 °C, major weight loss between 250 and 450 °C, and residual mass remaining above 500 °C. GC-MS analysis identified 18 compounds with different retention times and intensities, among which maltose showed the highest intensity (2.50), while propanoic acid and tetral glycol showed lower intensities (0.20). These findings demonstrate that the stem extract of Bridelia ferruginea possesses notable physicochemical, phytochemical, antimicrobial, and structural characteristics relevant to its potential use as a natural dye.
Extraction and Characterization of Natural Dye Obtained from African Locust Bean (Parkia biglobosa) Pod Bark Andema Aaron Kanadi; Joshua Yakubu; Kefas Wathagrda Shalbugau; Jamila Umar Atiku; James Yakubu; Peter Micheal Dass
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 3 No 1 (2026): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v3i1.9400

Abstract

Although natural dyes have attracted growing interest as sustainable alternatives to synthetic colorants, studies on the physicochemical, phytochemical, antimicrobial, and structural properties of dye extracts from African locust bean pod remain limited. This study investigated the extraction and characterization of a natural dye from African locust bean pod using the maceration method. The extraction yielded 23.76%, and the dye extract was dark brown, with a pH of 5.77, a melting point of 440 °C, a density of 0.54 g/mL, partial solubility in water, and complete solubility in methanol. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, phlabotannins, anthraquinones, quinones, terpenoids, steroids, carbohydrate, starch, proteins, and anthocyanins, while saponin was absent. The extract demonstrated antibacterial activity against B. subtilis, E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and S. typhi, and antifungal activity against P. notatum, but no antifungal activity was observed against C. albicans and A. niger at all concentrations. Characterization was conducted using UV-Vis, FTIR, GC-MS, HPLC, and SEM analyses. The UV-Vis spectrum showed distinct absorption peaks, with the highest absorbance recorded at 287 nm (4.1000), likely associated with carbonyl (C=O) groups characteristic of hydrolysable tannins. FTIR analysis indicated the presence of C–H stretching, C=C stretching, C=O stretching, and C–O stretching functional groups. GC-MS identified 19 compounds with varying retention times and peak areas, among which cis-9-hexadecenal (14.81%) was the major compound, followed by heneicosanoic acid (8.59%), hexadecanoic acid (7.93%), and octadecanoic acid (7.31%). HPLC analysis revealed gallic acid as the most abundant compound, indicating the presence of hydrolysable tannin, while SEM showed a rough and porous surface morphology with a compacted, fused-like solid structure. These findings demonstrate that African locust bean pod is a promising source of natural dye with notable bioactive and structural characteristics, thereby contributing to the growing body of knowledge on plant-based dye materials.
Co-Authors Ago Mikyitsabu Atoshi Andema Aaron Kanadi Bifam Mathias Gani Johnson James Yakubu Jamila Umar Atiku Kefas Wathagrda Shalbugau Peter Michael Dass Peter Micheal Dass Sarki Atoma-ti Emmanuel Stephen I. Audu