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Riyan Ningsih
Mulawarman University
Public Health

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Description of Airborne Microbial Counts in Operating Rooms at Hospitals in East Kalimantan, 2024 Rika Veronika; Blego Sedionoto; Riyan Ningsih
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Air quality in operating rooms is a crucial factor in preventing postoperative infections (operating Site Infections). One of the main indicators for assessing air quality is the airborne bacterial count, which indicates the number of microorganisms in the air (CFU/m³). Objective : This study aims to describe the airborne bacterial count in operating rooms across several hospitals in East Kalimantan in 2024. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : descriptive design Results : Based on the measurements, 100% of empty operating rooms, 80% of operating rooms in use, and 75% of ultraclean operating rooms did not meet the required standards. Hospital F (IKN) recorded the highest airborne bacterial count at 477 CFU/m³, while the lowest was found at Hospital D (Kutai Kertanegara) with 5 CFU/m³. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : The results showed that most operating rooms did not meet the air quality standards as stipulated in the Indonesian Ministry of Health Regulation No. 2 of 2023.
Sanitation Quality of Decks and Passenger Cabins on Passenger Ships at Samarinda Port Rico Fernando Agaki Adadikam; Blego Sedionoto; Riyan Ningsih
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Passenger ships play an essential role in transportation across eastern Indonesia. However, poor sanitation and hygiene conditions onboard can increase the risk of environmental disease transmission, especially in confined spaces with limited air circulation and clean water supply. Objective : This study aimed to describe the sanitation quality of decks and passenger cabins on passenger ships arriving and departing from Samarinda Port, East Kalimantan. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This research used a quantitative descriptive method with an observational approach. The study was conducted on three passenger ships KM. Aditya, KM. Prince Soya, and KM. Queen Soya. The observed variables included deck sanitation and passenger cabin sanitation using a ship sanitation observation checklist. Data were collected twice, during ship arrival and before departure, and analyzed univariately to determine the frequency distribution of sanitation conditions. Results : The results showed that upon arrival, only one ship (33.3%) met the deck sanitation requirements, while two ships (66.7%) did not. All ships (100%) failed to meet sanitation standards for passenger cabins. However, before departure, all ships (100%) complied with sanitation requirements for both decks and passenger cabins. This indicates a significant improvement after routine cleaning was conducted prior to departure. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : The sanitation conditions of passenger ships at Samarinda Port remain inadequate upon arrival but improve after pre-departure cleaning. Continuous supervision, daily maintenance, and routine inspections are necessary to maintain ship hygiene and prevent disease transmission in the ship environment.
Potential Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil from Coal Mine Waste Exploration in Reducing Pathogenic Microbial Content Tika Dhefiana; Blego Sedionoto; Riyan Ningsih
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Adsorbents are porous solids that can bind and absorb substances from liquids or gases, serving to remove contaminants. Adsorbents are classified into porous and non-porous types (Dewi & Sa’diyah, 2024). Clay minerals such as kaolinite, montmorillonite, and bentonite are highly potential as natural adsorbent media for reducing pathogenic microorganisms in domestic wastewater. Clay also acts as a mechanical filtration medium that traps bacteria, viruses, or protozoa as wastewater passes through, and the use of physical or chemical activation can reduce the content of pathogenic microbes by more than 90% (Sedionoto et al., 2022). Assessing cation exchange capacity and clay content is very important for research on the use of clay in liquid domestic waste treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine the cation exchange capacity parameters of coal mine exploration waste soil in adsorbing E. coli pathogenic microbes. This study is a laboratory experiment aimed at analyzing the physical and chemical quality of coal mine exploration waste soil in its ability to reduce E. coli pathogenic microbes. The study was conducted during September-October 2025. The research samples were coal mine exploration waste soils in the Samarinda City area of East Kalimantan, originating from depths of 1 meter and 2 meters below the soil surface. The results showed that coal mine exploration waste soil at a depth of 1 meter had a cation exchange capacity of 24.33 meq/100 g, while coal mine exploration waste soil at a depth of 2 meters had a cation exchange capacity of 31.79 meq/100 g. The clay parameter value obtained at a depth of 1 meter was 21%, while at a depth of 2 meters, the clay value was 13%. Based on the analysis results, the soil texture at a depth of 1 meter was classified as loam, while the soil texture at a depth of 2 meters was classified as silt. In general, coal mine exploration waste soil from a depth of 2 meters shows a higher CEC than that from a depth of 1 meter, even though the clay content is lower. Based on the analyzed physical parameters of the soil, the depth of 1 meter (loam) has a higher proportion of clay, while the depth of 2 meters (silt) has a lower proportion of clay. This data can be used as a basis for further experiments to examine the reduction capacity of E. coli pathogenic microbes, with the potential for differences in adsorption capacity between the two depths related to differences in CEC and soil texture.
Disparities in Household Waste Management Achievement under Community-Based Total Sanitation Pillar 4 in Samarinda City, 2024 - 2025 Riana Embun Masiroh; Blego Sedionoto; Riyan Ningsih
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Implementation of Community-Based Total Sanitation (STBM) Pillar 4 in Samarinda shows varied household waste management achievements influenced by demographic and infrastructural conditions. Objective : This study aims to analyze disparities in waste management implementation and provide strategic recommendations to support the National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) targets. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : A descriptive quantitative approach using secondary STBM recapitulation data from Samarinda City (2025) and East Kalimantan Province (2024–2025). Disparities were identified through comparative percentage analysis across sub-districts. Results : City-wide performance reached 72%, with substantial differences between sub-districts due to variations in infrastructure capacity, population density, and environmental practices. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : Addressing disparities requires targeted location based interventions, strengthened cross-sector collaboration, and the development of community waste management infrastructure, particularly 3R processing units an
Evaluation of Ship Sanitation and Its Implications for the Microbiological Qualyty of Clean Water on Foreign Vessels Heri Surianto; Blego Sedionoto; Riyan Ningsih
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Ships serve as major sea transportation modes and have the potential to act as a medium for disease transmission. Proper ship sanitation is therefore essential to prevent the spread of diseases onboard, particularly those transmitted through clean water. Global data on ship sanitation in Indonesia remains limited, as does research investigating the relationship between sanitation and microbiological quality This study aims to evaluate sanitation levels on foreign vessels and analyze their implications for the microbiological quality of clean water within the working area of the Class I Port Health Office (Balai Kekarantinaan Kesehatan) in Samarinda. The findings are expected to support quarantine policy improvement and supervision. This quantitative analytical study used a cross-sectional design and was conducted from September to October 2025. The sample consisted of 20 foreign vessels docking at PT Kaltim Prima Coal Port, Sangatta, that met the inclusion criteria. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis and Fisher’s Exact Test. The findings showed that 20% (4 vessels) did not meet sanitation standards, and 10% (2 vessels) did not meet microbiological water quality requirements. A significant association was found between sanitation quality and the microbiological quality of onboard water supplies (P = 0.032). Ship sanitation conditions significantly affect the microbiological quality of clean water on foreign vessels. Routine monitoring and improved compliance with international sanitation standards are necessary to reduce the risk of cross-border disease transmission.
A Descriptive Study of Patient Safety Culture at Inche Abdoel Moeis Regional Hospital, Samarinda, Indonesia Fierda Eka Pratiwi; Ratno Adrianto; Riyan Ningsih
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Patient safety culture is a key pillar in improving the quality of health services. In 2025, the Indonesian Ministry of Health adapted the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC) version 2.0 as a national instrument to measure hospital staff perceptions of patient safety culture. Objective : This study aimed to describe the patient safety culture based on the 2025 Ministry of Health’s Patient Safety Culture Survey Instrument at Inche Abdoel Moeis Regional Hospital, Samarinda. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : A descriptive quantitative study with a cross-sectional approach was conducted using secondary data from the 2025 patient safety culture survey. The population included all healthcare workers and non-medical staff (n=259). Data were analyzed descriptively by calculating the average score of each dimension of patient safety culture. Results : The overall mean score was 3.66 (73.2%), categorized as good. The highest dimensions were general perception of safety (4.30), teamwork and collaboration (4.14), and organizational learning (4.08). The lowest were incident reporting (2.03), communication openness (2.40), and non- punitive response to errors (2.62). Conclusion/Lesson Learned : The patient safety culture at Inche Abdoel Moeis Regional Hospital was in the good category, although improvements are needed in incident reporting and non-punitive response aspects. Strengthening leadership commitment and implementing a safe, anonymous reporting system are essential to enhance the overall patient safety culture.
Narative Review : Factors Related to the Occurrence of Diarrhea Among Under-Five Children Resda Herliani; Riyan Ningsih; Akhmad Azmiardi
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Diarrhea in children under five years of age remains a significant global health crisis, particularly in developing countries, characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates. Although risk factors have been identified, geographic variations and the concentration of preventive interventions require a synthesis of updated evidence. Objective : This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive update on the key determinants influencing diarrhea incidence in children aged 0-59 months. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : The review was conducted on research articles published 2019-2024. The articles were retrieved from PubMed, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate databases, using keywords such as "toddlers," "diarrhea," and "determinants." The selection focused on studies reporting diarrhea prevalence, as well as risk or protective factors related to WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene), immunization, and sociodemographics. Inclusion criteria for articles were original research, written in Indonesian and English, and full papers. A total of 34 articles were analyzed narratively. Results : The prevalence of diarrhea in children under five in community-based studies varies (9.6% to 26.4%), with the highest incidence concentrated in the 6–23 month age group. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : The prevalence of diarrhea in children under five (9.6% to 26.4%). Children from families with low maternal education and limited socioeconomic resources are at greater risk. Strengthening access to safe water, sanitation, hygiene practices, and vaccination coverage is therefore essential for reducing diarrhea burden among under-five children.
The Relationship between Anxiety Symptoms and Smoking AmongAdolescents in Samarinda Vicca Yulia Insany; Riyan Ningsih; Akhmad Azmiardi
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Adolescents are a vulnerable population for both anxiety disorders and health risk behaviors such as smoking, including the use of electronic cigarettes. Anxiety symptoms in adolescents are thought to contribute to earlier smoking initiation. Objective : This study aimed to examine the relationship between anxiety symptoms and smoking behavior among adolescents in Samarinda Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This cross-sectional study was conducted in the working area of Baqa Primary Healthcare Center, Samarinda, in 2025. A total of 212 senior high school students were selected using a total sampling technique. Smoking behavior data were collected using a smoking behavior screening questionnaire. Anxiety symptoms were measured using the Mini MINDHEAR Youth Scale V.1 (anxiety subscore). Data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analysis with the Chi-Square test Results : Most respondents were aged 15 to 17 years. Among the smokers, 40 participants were male (81%) and 9 were female (19%); 29 respondents (59%) reported smoking conventional tobacco cigarettes, while 20 respondents (40%) used electronic cigarettes. The proportion of smoking (tobacco/e-cigarettes) among respondents with anxiety symptoms was 33.9%, compared to 19.2% among those without anxiety symptoms. There was a statistically significant association between anxiety symptoms and smoking behavior (p = 0.025; PR = 2.157; 95 percent CI = 1.091–4.264). Conclusion/Lesson Learned : There is a significant relationship between anxiety symptoms and smoking behavior among students. These findings highlight the importance of mental health screening and intervention within School Health Programs (UKS), Adolescent Integrated Community Health (Posyandu Remaja), and Smoking Cessation Program (UBM
Analysis of Escherichia coli Contamination in Frozen Beef and Food Safety Implications in Balikpapan City Yulis Tanty; Riyan Ningsih; Blego Sedionoto
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Escherichia coli presence in animal-derived foods serves as a crucial indicator of hygiene and sanitation standards throughout handling, storage, and distribution. Frozen beef distributed to consumers risks contamination when food safety controls, particularly cold chain maintenance, are inconsistently implemented. This study assessed E. coli contamination levels in frozen beef marketed in Balikpapan City and evaluated compliance with the Maximum Contaminant Limit (MCL) under SNI 7388:2009. Objective : This study aimed to assess the contamination level of E. coli in frozen beef marketed in Balikpapan City and to evaluate its compliance with the Maximum Contamination Limit (MCL) established by SNI 7388:2009. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : A quantitative descriptive design with a laboratory testing approach was used. A total of 65 frozen beef samples were collected from modern retail outlets, slaughterhouses (RPH), and cold storage facilities. Laboratory examination was conducted through isolation, identification, and colony counting stages using standard microbiological method. The results were analyzed descriptively and compared with the MCL standards specified in SNI 7388:2009. Results : Analysis revealed that 55 samples (84.62%) contained E. coli levels below 1 × 102 CFU/g, complying with MCL requirements. However, 10 samples (15.38%) exceeded this limit, indicating non-compliance with food safety standards. These findings suggest potential contamination during post-slaughter handling, storage, or distribution phases, likely due to inadequate cold chain maintenance. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : In conclusion, the majority of frozen beef circulating in Balikpapan is considered safe for consumption; however, strengthening sanitation practices and ensuring strict cold chain management are recommended to minimize potential public health risks.
Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Clinical Bacterial Isolates at the East Kalimantan Provincial Health Laboratory, 2024 Rahmadi Rahmadi; Riyan Ningsih; Blego Sedionoto
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background: The increasing incidence of infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria has become a serious public health problem in Indonesia; however, data on resistance patterns in Kalimantan Timur, particularly Samarinda, remain limited. Objective: This study aimed to describe the antimicrobial resistance patterns of clinical bacterial isolates examined at the East Kalimantan Provincial Health Laboratory in 2024. Methods: This study employed a descriptive observational design using secondary data from culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing results of 201 clinical bacterial isolates collected from January to December 2024. Data were analyzed descriptively through tabulation and percentage distribution. Results: Among all positive isolates (n = 201), 54.4% were Gram-negative and 45.6% were Gram positive bacteria. The most frequently identified bacteria were Escherichia coli (24.4%), followed by Staphylococcus haemolyticus (7.0%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.0%). Susceptibility testing revealed that E. coli showed high sensitivity to meropenem (98%) and amikacin (100%), whereas Staphylococcus aureus exhibited 30.8% resistance to oxacillin, indicating the presence of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The predominant resistance mechanisms detected included β-lactamase production (21.7%), extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL, 40.6%), and MRSA (37.7%). Conclusion: Antimicrobial resistance based on bacterial isolates examined at the East Kalimantan Provincial Health Laboratory demonstrated a wide variation in antibiotic susceptibility patterns. These findings provide an initial overview of resistance conditions in Samarinda and can serve as a foundation for the implementation of continuous antimicrobial resistance surveillance.
Co-Authors Adrianto, Ratno Akhmad Azmiardi Ayudhia Rahmawati Blego Sedionoto Fierda Eka Pratiwi Heri Surianto Morin Chaerunnisa Rahmadi Rahmadi Resda Herliani Riana Embun Masiroh Rico Fernando Agaki Adadikam Rika Veronika Tika Dhefiana Vicca Yulia Insany Vivi Elfira Elfira Yulis Tanty