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Meningitis Vaccination Compliance Among Umrah Pilgrims In Indonesia: A Narrative Review Alwan Zakki Nozomi; Irfansyah Baharuddin Pakki; Akhmad Azmiardi
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Umrah pilgrimage involves large gatherings of people from around the world, posing a high risk of disease transmission, especially meningococcal meningitis. Therefore, meningitis vaccination is mandatory as an absolute requirement for departure to prevent outbreaks. Although vaccination is mandatory, challenges related to the timeliness and compliance of vaccination at Port Health Offices (KKP) remain a crucial issue in Indonesia. This narrative review aims to synthesize and describe the meningitis vaccination compliance among Umrah pilgrims in Indonesia Objective : summarize, analyze, and interpret research results related to meningitis vaccination compliance among Umrah pilgrims Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This review uses a narrative review method by analyzing 14 journal articles obtained from accredited journals from 2020 to 2025. The criteria for these articles are articles with independent variables focusing on factors related to vaccination compliance with vaccination compliance outcomes, articles with analytical observational designs. Selected articles were analyzed descriptively and narratively Results : results of the analysis show that the factors of knowledge and attitude of pilgrims are related to punctuality and vaccination compliance. In addition, support from the Umrah Travel Organizer (PPIU) or travel agent is also a predictor of compliance Conclusion/Lesson Learned : Compliance with meningitis vaccination among Umrah pilgrims is influenced by internal factors (knowledge and attitude) and external factors (travel support and PPIU support). The main recommendations are to strengthen education focused on the timing of vaccine administration and to improve effective coordination/socialization between KKP and PPIU to bridge the policy implementation gap

The Effect of Pharmacist Counseling on Knowledge of Hypertension Treatment: A Narrative Review Amandha Baruni; Andika Nicholas Iqbal Ardiansyah; Anisa Rahayu; Nuning Nuning; Vallina Laurensia Indika Ningrum; Akhmad Azmiardi
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Hypertension is a chronic condition that requires long-term medication adherence to prevent serious cardiovascular complications. Adequate knowledge about treatment is an important prerequisite for patients to achieve optimal adherence. Pharmacists play a crucial role in providing education and advice through medication counseling. Objective : This review aims to synthesize evidence narratively regarding the effect of counseling interventions conducted by pharmacists on improving patients' knowledge about hypertension treatment Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This narrative review was conducted by tracing various relevant research articles. Article searches were carried out on the PubMed, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate databases, with publications from 2011 to 2022. The main keywords used included "pharmacist counseling," "medication knowledge," and "hypertension." Article criteria included medication counseling provided by pharmacists to patients. Inclusion criteria for articles were knowledge level as an outcome, articles written in Indonesian or English, and being full-text articles. After screening based on the criteria, 15 research articles were selected for narrative analysis. Results : The results of the literature review from 15 analyzed articles consistently show that counseling provided by pharmacists has a positive and significant impact on improving patients' knowledge about hypertension treatment. The majority of studies reported measurable increases in patients' understanding of dosage regimens, drug-food interactions, side effect management, and the importance of blood pressure monitoring. Effective counseling helps address knowledge gaps that often act as barriers to good medication adherence. This increase in knowledge is often an important initial step before achieving improved adherence and better blood pressure control Conclusion/Lesson Learned : Pharmacist counseling is an effective intervention in enhancing the knowledge of hypertensive patients about their medications. These findings recommend that the healthcare system optimize the role of pharmacists in patient education to achieve better treatment outcomes.

Diet, Knowledge and Hypertension : a Correlation Study for Elderly with Hypertension Gusti Nurul Husna; Irfan Baharuddin Pakki; Akhmad Azmiardi
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Healthy dietary behavior is one of the key factors in maintaining nutritional status and preventing degenerative diseases, particularly among the elderly population. Hypertension is one of the most prevalent chronic health problems experienced by older adults. The prevalence of hypertension in the elderly tends to increase with age and is mostly associated with unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, especially dietary patterns that do not follow the principles of a hypertension diet. Objective : to analyze the correlation between knowledge and healthy lifestyle patterns in elderly people with hypertension Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This study employed a cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 100 respondents aged 60–65 years selected using purposive sampling in the Bengkuring Public Health Center. Data were collected through questionnaires covering respondent characteristics, knowledge level, and dietary behavior. The data were analyzed using the Spearman correlation test with a significance level of 0.05. Results : The results showed that out of the five dietary behavior components observed, only one component showed a significant correlation between knowledge and lifestyle behavior related to caffeine and smoking consumption, with a p-value of 0.011 (<0.05). Elderly individuals who possess better knowledge regarding the effects of caffeine and smoking on hypertension tend to be more cautious in consuming these substances. Cigarettes and caffeine are known to increase sympathetic nervous system activity and elevate blood pressure. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : Knowledge have an important yet limited role in shaping healthy lifestyle behaviors among elderly individuals with hypertension.

Effectiveness and Safety of Dengue Vaccines in School-Aged Children in Endemic Areas: A Narrative Review Hefi Kurniasih; Irfansyah Baharuddin Pakki; Akhmad Azmiardi
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Dengue fever remains one of the most significant mosquito-borne viral diseases, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions such as Indonesia. The increasing incidence among school-aged children highlights the urgent need for effective and sustainable prevention strategies. Vaccination has emerged as a crucial intervention to reduce dengue burden, with two main vaccines —TAK-003 (Qdenga®) and CYD-TDV (Dengvaxia®)—showing varying efficacy and safety profiles. Objective : This narrative review aims to synthesize the current scientific evidence on the effectiveness, safety, and policy implications of dengue vaccination among school-aged children living in endemic regions. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This study employed a narrative review approach. Literature was searched through PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases for publications from 2020 to 2025. A total of 20 eligible articles were included, comprising randomized controlled trials, quasy experiment, observational studies and spatial epidemiological studies. The inclusion criteria encompassed studies published in English or Indonesian, focusing on dengue vaccines among children aged 4–16 years in endemic countries. Key data on vaccine efficacy, immunogenicity, safety, and implementation outcomes were descriptively synthesized. Total 20 included articles were analyze narratively. Results : Findings consistently indicate that TAK-003 provides an efficacy of 62–80% against symptomatic dengue and over 85% against hospitalized cases up to three years post-vaccination, with favorable safety and immunogenicity, especially among seropositive children. In contrast, CYD-TDV demonstrated high efficacy only among seropositive individuals aged ≥9 years but carried an increased risk in seronegative recipients. Economic modeling studies in Indonesia found dengue vaccination to be cost-effective, while mathematical models showed that higher vaccine coverage substantially reduces the basic reproduction number (R0). Conclusion/Lesson Learned : Current evidence supports TAK-003 as an effective and safe vaccine for school-aged children in endemic regions compare to CYD-TDV. Integration of dengue vaccination with vector control and risk-based surveillance is recommended to enhance national dengue prevention strategies and achieve long-term disease reduction.

Comparative Patterns of Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factors Across Age Groups in Samarinda, Indonesia Muh. Amri Arfandi; Muhamad Zakki Saefurrohim; Arlina Azka; Irfansyah Baharuddin Pakki; Siswanto Siswanto; Risva Risva; Akhmad Azmiardi; Tanti Asrianti
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have become a major public health concern, with risk factors increasingly observed among younger populations. Examining how these risks differ between age groups may provide insight into early prevention priorities. Objective : To describe and compare behavioral and biological NCD risk factors among older adolescents (15–19 years), young adults (20–24 years), and adults (25–59 years) in Samarinda, Indonesia. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 242 respondents selected through household interviews in Samarinda. Data were collected using the WHO STEPwise approach to NCD risk factor surveillance (STEPS) questionnaire, covering behavioral factors (tobacco, alcohol, physical activity, diet) and biological factors (BMI, blood pressure, blood glucose, cholesterol). Data were analyzed descriptively using STATA 17. Results : Variations were observed across age groups. Smoking was more frequent among young adults (22.2%) compared to adolescents (9.3%) and adults (17.7%). Alcohol use was generally low but relatively higher among adolescents (12.4%). Physical activity levels and sedentary time showed comparable patterns, with young adults reporting slightly more sedentary behavior (40%). Most respondents consumed fruits less than four days per week. The proportion of overweight and obesity was greater among adults (54.4%) than in young adults (24.4%) and adolescents (19.4%). Differences were also seen in clinical indicators, with adults showing a higher proportion of hypertension (44.1%) and high cholesterol (35.3%) compared to younger groups. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : The study highlights varying patterns of NCD risk factors among age groups, with several behavioral risks already present during adolescence. These findings emphasize the importance of early preventive actions focused on healthy lifestyles, especially among youth, supported by community-based education and health monitoring initiatives.

Case Control Study on Pediatric Tuberculosis Risk Factors at KarangAsam Health Center Samarinda Siti Malikha Zalzabila Maharani; Irfansyah Baharuddin Pakki; Akhmad Azmiardi
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that mainly affects the respiratory system and poses significant health and economic burdens. In Samarinda, the Karang Asam Health Center recorded the highest TB cases in 2024, with 162 cases, including 14 pediatric cases completing treatment and 148 treated at other facilities. Objective : The study aimed to describe the characteristics and risk factors associated with the incidence of TB in children at the Karang Asam Health Center in Samarinda City. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This case-control study involved 20 cases and 40 controls. The independent variables were close contact, nutritional status, and immunization status, with childhood tuberculosis as the dependent variable. Samples were obtained by purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test with a 95% confidence level, reporting p- values and OR (p < 0.05 significant). Results : The results showed that most of the 20 children with TB were aged 0-5 years (65%), male (60%), had a history of contact (85%), poor nutritional status (80%), and incomplete immunization status (70%). Based on the Odds Ratio (OR) calculation, it shows a large risk value for the incidence of TB in children, namely contact history (OR= 13,222; 95% CI= 3,256 – 53,691), nutritional status (OR = 6.000; 95% CI = 1.693-21.262), and immunization status (OR = 7.000; 95% CI = 2.120- 23.113). Conclusion/Lesson Learned : Contact history, nutritional status, and immunization status were significant risk factors for pediatric TB. Communities are encouraged to enhance prevention through regular health checks and proper TB management in at-risk children.

Narative Review : Factors Related to the Occurrence of Diarrhea Among Under-Five Children Resda Herliani; Riyan Ningsih; Akhmad Azmiardi
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Diarrhea in children under five years of age remains a significant global health crisis, particularly in developing countries, characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates. Although risk factors have been identified, geographic variations and the concentration of preventive interventions require a synthesis of updated evidence. Objective : This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive update on the key determinants influencing diarrhea incidence in children aged 0-59 months. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : The review was conducted on research articles published 2019-2024. The articles were retrieved from PubMed, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate databases, using keywords such as "toddlers," "diarrhea," and "determinants." The selection focused on studies reporting diarrhea prevalence, as well as risk or protective factors related to WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene), immunization, and sociodemographics. Inclusion criteria for articles were original research, written in Indonesian and English, and full papers. A total of 34 articles were analyzed narratively. Results : The prevalence of diarrhea in children under five in community-based studies varies (9.6% to 26.4%), with the highest incidence concentrated in the 6–23 month age group. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : The prevalence of diarrhea in children under five (9.6% to 26.4%). Children from families with low maternal education and limited socioeconomic resources are at greater risk. Strengthening access to safe water, sanitation, hygiene practices, and vaccination coverage is therefore essential for reducing diarrhea burden among under-five children.

Narrative Review: Physical Environmental , Sociodemographic, and Biological Factors on Dengue Fever in Children Aged 0-15 Years Rusna Azizah Aziz; Blego Sedionoto; Akhmad Azmiardi
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Objective : This review aims to synthesize evidence narratively regarding the relationship between physical environmental , sociodemographic, and biological factors and the incidence of dengue fever in children aged 0-<15 years. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This narrative review was conducted by searching articles in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases from 2016 to 2025. The main keywords used included "Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever," "Physical Environment," "Sociodemographics," and "Biology." The criteria for articles were exposure to physical, sociodemographic, and biological environmental factors associated with the outcome of DHF in children. Other criteria were that articles were written in Indonesian or English and were full-text articles. After screening based on these criteria, 34 research articles were selected for narrative analysis. Results : The results of a literature review of 34 articles analyzed consistently indicate that physical, sociodemographic, and biological environmental factors have a significant influence on the increase in the incidence of dengue fever. The majority of studies reported an increase in the incidence of dengue fever measured in the assessment of physical, sociodemographic, and biological environmental factors. Good physical environmental management, interventions in sociodemographic factors, and effective and efficient control of biological factors can help reduce the incidence and mortality due to dengue fever. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : Physical, sociodemographic, and biological environmental factors are associated with dengue fever incidence in children. These findings recommend enhancing promotional and preventive efforts by increasing collaboration with Jumantik (Family Disaster Mitigation Team) cadres and other cross-sectoral organizations to optimize efforts to reduce dengue fever incidence.

Characteristics of Hypertension Patients at Loa Bakung Community Health Center Noorhayaty Noorhayaty; Iriyani Iriyani; Akhmad Azmiardi; Irfansyah Baharuddin Pakki
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Hypertension is a non- communicable disease that is one of the main causes of premature death in the world. The World health Organization (WHO) estimates that in 2025 there will be an increase in hypertension cases by around 80%, in 2000 from 639 million cases to 1.5 billion cases. Hypertension is the third leading cause of death in Indonesia for all ages. In 2015, surveys showed that 1 in 4 women and 1 in 5 men suffer from hypertension. Less than 1 in 5 people have hypertension that is well controlled and more than 9 million deaths are related to hypertension Objective : This study aims to determine the characteristics of hypertensive patients in Loa Bakung Community Health Center. The characteristics referred to gender, age, BMI, hypertension degree, and sub district. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : The method used is descriptive, with a total sampling technique of 251 people. Results : The study results showed that 80 (31.9%) were male patients with hypertension, while 171 (68.1%) were female. There were 146 adult patients aged 18-59 (58.2%), and 105 elderly patients (41.8%) aged over 60 years. There were 96 hypertensive patients with a normal BMI (38.2%), 98 overweight patients (39%), and 57 obese patients (22.7%). The number of patients with normal hypertension (after regular treatment) was 67 (26.7%), 53 pre-hypertension patients (21.1%), 94 grade I hypertension patients (37.5%), and 37 grade II hypertension patients (14.7%). Patients who live in Loa Bakung sub-district are 220 (87.6%), Loa Buah sub-district 21 (8.4%), other sub-districts 10 (4%). Conclusion/Lesson Learned : The conclusion is that based on gender, there are more female patients than male patients, more adult hypertension patients (aged 15-59 years) than elderly patients, and more overweight patients have a BMI than other nutritional statuses. The number of hypertension patients with grade 1 hypertension is higher. Most hypertension patients who seek treatment at the Loa Bakung Community Health Center live in the Loa Bakung sub-district.

Narrative Review: Factors Associated with the Sexually TransmittedInfections (STIs) Among Tugboat Crews in the Mahakam River Nunuk Kusuma Wardani; Irfansyah Baharuddin Pakki; Akhmad Azmiardi
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) remain a persistent global health concern, particularly among maritime workers such as tugboat crews. Prolonged sailing periods, limited healthcare access, and high-risk sexual behavior increase their vulnerability to infection. This narrative review aims to summarize key determinants influencing STI risks and prevention behaviors among tugboat crews in the Mahakam River area. Objective : This review seeks to identify and analyze the main determinants related to STI occurrence among tugboat crews, focusing on individual, social, and environmental aspects. The objectives include describing individual factors such as knowledge, attitude, and sexual behavior; exploring social and environmental determinants like social support, access to health services, and working conditions; and synthesizing evidence-based recommendations for strengthening STI prevention programs among maritime workers. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : Articles published between 2019 and 2025 were collected from PubMed and Google Scholar using keywords related to STIs, sailors, fishermen, and port workers. Thirty eligible studies in English were analyzed narratively to identify consistent determinants influencing STI prevention and risk. Results : The review revealed that low sexual health knowledge, negative attitudes toward STI prevention, and risky sexual behaviors are the dominant contributing factors. Additional barriers include stigma, cultural norms restricting sexual health discussion, and limited routine health screening among seafarers. These conditions increase vulnerability to STIs and hinder prevention efforts. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : Tugboat crews on the Mahakam River face elevated risks of STIs due to behavioral, social, and structural challenges. Integrated approaches involving education, access to health services, and supportive policies are essential for effective STI prevention. This review provides evidence to guide targeted interventions and policy development in maritime health programs.

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