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Adi Setiawan
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Malikussaleh, Jalan Batam, Bukit Indah, Lhokseumawe, 24352, Indonesia.
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Control & Systems Engineering Energy Materials Science & Nanotechnology

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Modification of Cuttlefish Bone-Derived CaO Catalyst via SrO Impregnation for Optimizing the Conversion of Waste Cooking Oil into Biodiesel Cut Rahmah Saputri; Muhammad Muhammad; Adi Setiawan
Reaktor Volume 25 No.3 December 2025
Publisher : Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.25.3.116-123

Abstract

This study investigates the utilization of waste cooking oil (WCO) as a biodiesel feedstock using a heterogeneous catalyst derived from cuttlefish bone. The catalyst was modified via Sr(NO₃)₂ impregnation at different composition ratios (98:2, 95:5, and 90:10 % w/v) to produce CaO–SrO catalysts, followed by chemical activation with NaOH (2, 4, and 6 g). Catalyst characterization was conducted using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to examine surface morphology, elemental distribution, and crystalline phases. The results indicate that the catalyst with a 90:10 CaO–SrO composition and 6 g NaOH activation (C90S10–N6) exhibited the most homogeneous surface morphology, uniform Sr dispersion, and enhanced phase stability. Transesterification of WCO under a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 9:1, catalyst loading of 1 wt%, and reaction time of 2 h resulted in a biodiesel yield of 95.5%. The produced biodiesel showed a density of 0.87 g/mL, water content of 0.64%, calorific value of 38.52 MJ/kg, and a reduction in free fatty acid (FFA) content from 2.84% to 1.71%. These findings demonstrate that SrO-modified CaO catalysts derived from cuttlefish bone are effective, sustainable, and economically viable for enhancing biodiesel production from waste cooking oil.
Preparation of Bio-Oil and Biochar through Co-Pyrolysis of Pennisetum purpureum and HDPE Plastic Waste at Various Feedstock Ratios and Temperatures Asfihani Asfihani; Azhari Azhari; Adi Setiawan
Reaktor Volume 26 No.1 April 2026
Publisher : Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.80547

Abstract

This study investigates the co-pyrolysis process of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and HDPE plastic waste and evaluates the properties of the resulting bio-oil and biochar. The process was conducted in a pilot-scale reactor under a nitrogen atmosphere using a two-stage heating scheme at 300°C and 450°C, with biomass–HDPE weight ratios of 100:0, 90:10, 75:25, 60:40, and 50:50. The method used in this work includes product yield analysis, thermophysical characterization, GC–MS-based chemical composition analysis, and ANOVA statistical validation to determine the optimum conditions for Pennisetum purpureum–HDPE co-pyrolysis process. The results indicate that the addition of HDPE does not increase the absolute yield of bio-oil but significantly enhances its energy quality. The calorific value of the bio-oil increased from 10,579 cal/g for pure biomass to a maximum of 12,029 cal/g at a 75:25 biomass–HDPE weight ratio, accompanied by a compositional shift from oxygenated compounds toward the dominance of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and medium- to long-chain hydrocarbons. At the same ratio, biochar achieved the highest yield (44.93% w/w) while maintaining characteristics suitable for energy applications. These findings identify the 75:25 biomass–HDPE ratio as the optimum condition based on both experimental and statistical evidence, and demonstrate that biomass–HDPE co-pyrolysis is an effective strategy for waste utilization and for enhancing the quality of renewable energy products.
Co-Authors Asfihani Asfihani Azhari Azhari Cut Rahmah Saputri Muhammad Muhammad