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Navigating Economic Growth: An Analysis of Indonesia’s Maritime Axis Policy Implementation Fikri Kamil Arizza; Guntur Eko Saputro; Zainal Abiddin Sahabuddin
PPSDP International Journal of Education Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): PPSDP International Journal of Education
Publisher : Perkumpulan Program Studi Doktor Pendidikan (PPSDP)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59175/pijed.v5i1.710

This study aims to analyze maritime axis policies from the perspective of defense economics and policy implementation in order to grow Indonesia’s economy. Utilizing qualitative research approach, data was collected from a variety of sources, including academic journals, policy documents, and credible reports. The findings indicate that Indonesia’s Position as a maritime country, Indonesia has opportunities for economic growth and security as a national pillar. Indonesia’s maritime future is realized through synergy between communication, resources, and bureaucracy. economic development in enhancing economic growth is realized through the “Maritime Silk Road” and efforts to create harmony between the three aspects of policy implementation theory. However, challenges such as unsustainable practices, stakeholder conflicts, and inadequate policy coordination hinder effective implementation. The success of the maritime axis policy in Indonesia necessitates comprehensive implementation that integrate sustainability principles across all sectors, as well as collaboration among stakeholders. This finding provides valuable insights for policymakers in formulating policy implementation that promote sustainable development in maritime axis policy, ensuring that economic growth benefits can be enjoyed by both current and future generations. Thus, the maritime axis policy not only has potential to drive economic growth but also safeguard in marine ecosystems that are essential for the livehood of coastal communities. From that we may know maritime policy can drive economic development by focusing on infrastructure development, natural resource and human resource management, maritime improvement, and international cooperation.

Between Ambition and Fiscal Reality: Strategic Environment, Budgeting, and Military Modernization in Indonesia (2020-2025) Rienal Yaffid; Guntur Eko Saputro; Panji Suwarno
PPSDP International Journal of Education Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): PPSDP International Journal of Education
Publisher : Perkumpulan Program Studi Doktor Pendidikan (PPSDP)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59175/pijed.v5i1.808

This journal article analyses the trends in the strategic environment (lingstra) that underlie the formulation of Minimum Essential Force (MEF) stages I, II, and III, and evaluates the process of preparing Indonesia’s defence spending from 2020 to 2025. The analysis uses a qualitative approach and secondary data documentation from the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of Finance, and the National Development Planning Agency. The article presents the dynamics of policies and the process of formulating the defence expenditure budget, including a comparison between the proposed and approved budgets. It also includes data on financing components from Pure Rupiah Funds, as well as domestic and foreign financing. The findings show that global and regional strategic environmental factors, such as geopolitical competition, military modernization in neighbouring countries, and advancements in defence technology, significantly influence Indonesia’s defence priorities.

The Impact of Import Tariffs on Economic Growth in Indonesia: Evidence from Provincial Panel Data (2010-2024) Dhika Sanjaya; Guntur Eko Saputro; Suwito Suwito
PPSDP International Journal of Education Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): PPSDP International Journal of Education
Publisher : Perkumpulan Program Studi Doktor Pendidikan (PPSDP)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59175/pijed.v5i1.829

This study examines the impact of import tariff policy on Indonesia’s economic growth over the 2010–2024 period, aiming to provide an empirical foundation for designing adaptive tariff strategies that balance efficiency and industrial protection. A quantitative explanatory approach is employed using panel data from 34 provinces. Secondary data were obtained from official open sources, including Statistics Indonesia (BPS), the Directorate General of Customs and Excise (DJBC), the World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS), and the World Bank. The analysis utilizes Fixed and Random Effect Models, with the Hausman test determining the optimal specification. The results indicate that higher import tariffs suppress Indonesia’s economic growth by increasing input costs and reducing industrial productivity. Investment and exports exhibit positive effects, while exchange rate depreciation negatively affects growth, particularly in import-dependent sectors. Notably, moderate tariffs can play a strategic role in protecting emerging industries that contribute to structural transformation and long-term competitiveness. The findings underscore the need for adaptive tariff policies lowering tariffs on raw materials and capital goods while maintaining moderate protection for strategic sectors such as manufacturing and agro-processing. Such policies can enhance productivity, attract investment, and foster sustainable growth across Indonesia’s regions. This study advances the literature by combining provincial-level panel data with a robust econometric framework to quantify the effects of tariff adjustments on economic growth. It bridges theory and policy by demonstrating how selective liberalization, grounded in endogenous growth dynamics, can optimize Indonesia’s trade strategy for sustainable and inclusive development.

Model of Organic Fertilizer Self-Reliance Governance Based on Circular Economy in Supporting Food Security as a Pillar of Indonesia’s National Security Firmansyah Firmansyah; Guntur Eko Saputro; Ummul Firmani
Journal of Social Work and Science Education Vol. 7 No. 3 (2026): Journal of Social Work and Science Education
Publisher : Yayasan Sembilan Pemuda Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52690/jswse.v7i3.1581

Food security has become a strategic issue closely linked to national security in many countries, including Indonesia. The dependence of the agricultural sector on imported chemical fertilizers exposes Indonesia to global supply chain disruptions, geopolitical tensions, and fluctuations in international commodity prices. This study aims to develop a governance model for organic fertilizer self-reliance based on the circular economy concept to strengthen food security as a pillar of national security. Using a qualitative approach through literature review and policy analysis, this article examines the relationship between circular economy principles, organic fertilizer production, food security, and national security. The findings indicate that organic fertilizer self-reliance contributes significantly to sustainable agricultural production, environmental resilience, economic independence, and social stability. The circular economy approach enables the conversion of agricultural, livestock, and household organic waste into valuable agricultural inputs, reducing dependence on external resources while enhancing soil fertility and ecosystem sustainability. Furthermore, effective governance involving government institutions, local communities, private sectors, and research organizations is essential for achieving sustainable fertilizer independence. The study proposes an integrated governance model that combines circular economy principles, food sovereignty, and national resilience. The model can serve as a policy framework for strengthening Indonesia’s food system resilience amid increasing global uncertainties.

Cyber Threats in Hybrid Warfare: A Strategic Mapping and Response Framework for National Defense Shoraya Lolyta Octaviana; Totok Imam Santoso; Zainal Abidin Sahabuddin; Guntur Eko Saputro
Journal of Social Work and Science Education Vol. 7 No. 3 (2026): Journal of Social Work and Science Education
Publisher : Yayasan Sembilan Pemuda Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52690/jswse.v7i3.1556

Hybrid warfare integrates military and non-military instruments, with cyberspace emerging as a critical domain. Cyber threats in this context are systemic, multidimensional, and difficult to attribute, yet existing studies often treat cybersecurity and hybrid warfare separately. This study maps cyber threats within hybrid warfare frameworks and formulates strategic responses to support national defense. A qualitative descriptive approach was used, combining systematic literature review (45 peer-reviewed articles and policy documents, 2018–2025), Soft System Methodology (SSM) for complexity analysis, and SWOT analysis for strategic formulation. Four principal cyber threat types were identified: attacks on critical infrastructure, cyber espionage, disinformation campaigns, and influence operations. Key characteristics include multidimensionality, attribution difficulty, asymmetry, and involvement of both state and non-state actors. SSM revealed interconnected systems across technology, governance, and society. SWOT analysis identified strengths (growing digital human resources) and weaknesses (limited inter-agency coordination). A strategic response model comprising system integration, capacity enhancement, and national coordination is proposed. National defense systems must adopt holistic, adaptive frameworks that integrate cyber capabilities, cross-sectoral collaboration, and societal resilience. Future research should empirically test the proposed model in national defense contexts.

Integrated Management of Food Security and National Defense Systems to Face Global Challenges Yudianto Putrajaya; Setyo Riyanto; Dewi Nusraningrum; Mafizatun Nurhayati; Guntur Eko Saputro
Journal of Social Work and Science Education Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): Journal of Social Work and Science Education
Publisher : Yayasan Sembilan Pemuda Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52690/jswse.v7i2.1566

The integration of food security with the national defense system faces significant challenges in the ever-changing global dynamics. Food crises triggered by climate change, geopolitical conflicts, and dependence on food imports pose serious threats to national sovereignty. From a management perspective, this integration requires a comprehensive and sustainable management strategy. One of the main challenges is the high dependence on food imports, which creates vulnerability to global supply disruptions. Therefore, integrated management is needed that emphasizes efficiency, cross-sector coordination, and strengthening local capacity in food provision. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between food security and the national defense system within the framework of strategic management in facing global challenges, such as climate change, dependence on food imports, and potential threats of economic and geopolitical crises. The theory used is Food System Theory, which views food as an interconnected system ranging from production, distribution, to consumption. The research method used is a literature study with a managerial approach, namely reviewing, analyzing, and synthesizing various relevant literature sources. The results of the study indicate several important indicators in the management of the integration of food security and national defense, including: Local Food Availability Management, strengthening domestic production. Defense and Food Security Policy, integration of cross-sector policies. Import Dependency Risk Management, reducing vulnerability to global supply. Utilization of Technology and Innovation, increasing production and distribution efficiency. Inter-Agency Collaborative Management, strengthening synergy between government, communities, and the private sector.

Risk-Based Defense Planning in Archipelagic States: Strategic Analysis, Methodological Framework, and Technological Integration in the Indo-Pacific Revila Oulina; Guntur Eko Saputro; Sutanto Sutanto
Journal of Social Work and Science Education Vol. 7 No. 3 (2026): Journal of Social Work and Science Education
Publisher : Yayasan Sembilan Pemuda Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52690/jswse.v7i3.1663

The volatile security environment of the Indo-Pacific demands that defense institutions adopt adaptive planning approaches beyond conventional threat-based models. This qualitative study examines Risk-Based Defense Planning (RBDP) implementation in archipelagic states, which face distinctive security challenges from dispersed territories, extensive maritime boundaries, and persistent sea blindness. Through systematic literature review and comparative analysis of defense planning frameworks in Indonesia and the Philippines, the study evaluates risk assessment methodologies including Multi-Criteria Decision-Making approaches specifically Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process and Failure Mode and Effects Analysis for objective defense resource prioritization. The analysis also examines NATO’s Risk-Based Framework for Strategic Planning as a reference model. Findings reveal three key patterns: (1) archipelagic states are shifting toward risk-oriented defense strategies, evidenced by the Philippines’ Comprehensive Archipelagic Defense Concept and Indonesia’s Global Maritime Fulcrum vision; (2) emerging technologies—Maritime Domain Awareness systems, unmanned vehicles, and low-earth orbit satellites are critical for situational awareness and risk mitigation; and (3) effective RBDP requires integration of military and non-military policies within total defense frameworks, supported by regional cooperation. The study contributes a synthesized RBDP framework for archipelagic contexts and offers policy recommendations for addressing hybrid threats, maritime security challenges, and climate-related risks. Limitations include the focus on two case countries and reliance on secondary sources.

Balancing Foreign Direct Investment and Minimum Wage Policy in Indonesia’s Batam Free Trade Zone: A SWOT Analysis Sungkono Bayu Aji; Guntur Eko Saputro; Suwito Suwito
PPSDP International Journal of Education Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): PPSDP International Journal of Education
Publisher : Perkumpulan Program Studi Doktor Pendidikan (PPSDP)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59175/pijed.v5i1.905

This study examines the complex relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and minimum wage policy as strategic factors in Batam, Indonesia’s largest Free Trade Zone (FTZ). Using a qualitative approach, we conducted a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis based on government regulations, secondary economic data (2015–2025), and industry reports. The findings reveal that while Batam’s strategic location, fiscal incentives, and labor abundance attract FDI, rising minimum wage demands driven by high living costs threaten its cost competitiveness relative to Vietnam and Thailand. Institutional dualism (local government vs. Batam Investment Agency) further complicates policy coordination. We conclude that Batam is shifting from a low-wage to a productivity-driven competitiveness model. Policy implications include the need for integrated governance, skill upgrading, and infrastructure investment to sustain FDI without suppressing workers’ welfare.

Strategic Leadership Transformation in Indonesia’s Defense Policy: Responding to Non-Traditional Security Threats Ary Mardi Wibowo; Guntur Eko Saputro; Bara Izzat Wiwah Handaru
Journal of Social Work and Science Education Vol. 8 No. 1 (2027): Forthcoming Issue
Publisher : Yayasan Sembilan Pemuda Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52690/jswse.v8i1.1693

This study examines the transformation of strategic leadership within Indonesia’s national defense strategy in response to non-traditional security (NTS) threats, including cyber threats, disinformation, economic coercion, and gray-zone warfare. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted, informed by PRISMA 2020 principles, drawing on Scopus and Google Scholar, and analyzed through thematic synthesis designed to surface convergences, contradictions, and paradoxes in the literature. Findings show that Indonesia’s leadership transformation has been real but asymmetric: doctrinal and integrative capacities have advanced through the Nusantara Trident Shield vision, the National Defense Council, and the recognition of cyberspace as a domain of warfare, while institutional and democratic-accountability capacities have lagged, most notably through the 2025 amendment to the TNI Law. Comparative evidence further suggests this risk stems less from military crisis involvement itself than from its open-ended, cross-institutional character. This study offers an integrative framework linking adaptive capacity, multidomain integration, digital capacity, and institutional capacity, positioning strategic leadership as a multidimensional process rather than a purely military or organizational construct. The framework provides a basis for strengthening cyber resilience, inter-agency coordination, and strategic intelligence, while binding any further military role expansion with sunset provisions and proportional civilian oversight. This study contributes theoretically by synthesizing conceptual and empirical developments on strategic leadership transformation and practically by offering guidance for developing adaptive, integrative, and democratically accountable defense policy in Indonesia.

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