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All Journal PPSDP International Journal of Education
Suwito Suwito
Universitas Pertahanan, West Java, Indonesia
Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Mathematics Social Sciences Other

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The Impact of Import Tariffs on Economic Growth in Indonesia: Evidence from Provincial Panel Data (2010-2024) Dhika Sanjaya; Guntur Eko Saputro; Suwito Suwito
PPSDP International Journal of Education Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): PPSDP International Journal of Education
Publisher : Perkumpulan Program Studi Doktor Pendidikan (PPSDP)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59175/pijed.v5i1.829

Abstract

This study examines the impact of import tariff policy on Indonesia’s economic growth over the 2010–2024 period, aiming to provide an empirical foundation for designing adaptive tariff strategies that balance efficiency and industrial protection. A quantitative explanatory approach is employed using panel data from 34 provinces. Secondary data were obtained from official open sources, including Statistics Indonesia (BPS), the Directorate General of Customs and Excise (DJBC), the World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS), and the World Bank. The analysis utilizes Fixed and Random Effect Models, with the Hausman test determining the optimal specification. The results indicate that higher import tariffs suppress Indonesia’s economic growth by increasing input costs and reducing industrial productivity. Investment and exports exhibit positive effects, while exchange rate depreciation negatively affects growth, particularly in import-dependent sectors. Notably, moderate tariffs can play a strategic role in protecting emerging industries that contribute to structural transformation and long-term competitiveness. The findings underscore the need for adaptive tariff policies lowering tariffs on raw materials and capital goods while maintaining moderate protection for strategic sectors such as manufacturing and agro-processing. Such policies can enhance productivity, attract investment, and foster sustainable growth across Indonesia’s regions. This study advances the literature by combining provincial-level panel data with a robust econometric framework to quantify the effects of tariff adjustments on economic growth. It bridges theory and policy by demonstrating how selective liberalization, grounded in endogenous growth dynamics, can optimize Indonesia’s trade strategy for sustainable and inclusive development.
Balancing Foreign Direct Investment and Minimum Wage Policy in Indonesia’s Batam Free Trade Zone: A SWOT Analysis Sungkono Bayu Aji; Guntur Eko Saputro; Suwito Suwito
PPSDP International Journal of Education Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): PPSDP International Journal of Education
Publisher : Perkumpulan Program Studi Doktor Pendidikan (PPSDP)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59175/pijed.v5i1.905

Abstract

This study examines the complex relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and minimum wage policy as strategic factors in Batam, Indonesia’s largest Free Trade Zone (FTZ). Using a qualitative approach, we conducted a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis based on government regulations, secondary economic data (2015–2025), and industry reports. The findings reveal that while Batam’s strategic location, fiscal incentives, and labor abundance attract FDI, rising minimum wage demands driven by high living costs threaten its cost competitiveness relative to Vietnam and Thailand. Institutional dualism (local government vs. Batam Investment Agency) further complicates policy coordination. We conclude that Batam is shifting from a low-wage to a productivity-driven competitiveness model. Policy implications include the need for integrated governance, skill upgrading, and infrastructure investment to sustain FDI without suppressing workers’ welfare.
Strengthening National Defense Economy through Agricultural Sector Resilience: A SWOT Analysis of Indonesia’s Food Security Strategy Maheswari Candraningtyas; Guntur Eko Saputro; Suwito Suwito
PPSDP International Journal of Education Vol. 5 No. 2 (2026): Forthcoming Issue
Publisher : Perkumpulan Program Studi Doktor Pendidikan (PPSDP)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59175/pijed.v5i2.914

Abstract

This study examines how agricultural sector dynamics reinforce Indonesia's national defense economy, addressing the underexplored link between agricultural performance and non-military state resilience. A descriptive qualitative approach employing SWOT analysis was used to map internal capabilities and external environmental factors shaping the agricultural sector's contribution to defense economics. Findings reveal strategic strengths including abundant natural resources (12.66% of GDP in Q1 2025) and labor absorption capacity (28.15% of the national workforce), alongside critical weaknesses such as low productivity (2.3 tons/ha versus Vietnam's 4.5 tons/ha), limited technology adoption, and significant land conversion (approximately 100,000 ha/year). Opportunities from rising food demand and self-sufficiency policies are counterbalanced by threats from climate change vulnerability and global price volatility. This study uniquely integrates agricultural macroeconomic indicators into non-military state defense frameworks, providing an integrated policy matrix that bridges agricultural economics and defense resilience—an underexplored intersection in Indonesian scholarship. Recommendations include: (1) agricultural modernization through precision farming technology adoption, (2) supply chain infrastructure strengthening, and (3) land preservation policies integrated with defense economic planning. This research contributes a strategic framework demonstrating that food sovereignty serves as a foundation for national resilience against non-military threats, offering actionable guidance for policymakers in defense and agricultural sectors.
Co-Authors Dhika Sanjaya Guntur Eko Saputro Maheswari Candraningtyas Sungkono Bayu Aji