Molecular Review Covid19 from the Pathogenesis and Transmission Aspect

Fery Setiawan (Magister Program of Forensic Science, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia)
Heni Puspitasari (Research Group of Toxoplasma, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia)
Jenny Sunariani (Professor of Oral Biology Departement, Faculty of Dentistry, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia)
Ahmad Yudianto (Associated Professor of Forensic and Medicolegal, Faculty of Medicine, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia)

JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN (Journal of Environmental Health)
Vol. 12 No. 1si (2020): SPECIAL ISSUE

Introduction: Corona disease-19 virus (COVID-19) spread and caused a pandemic that affected people all over the world. COVID-19 is also called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus Disease (SARS-CoV). Discussion: COVID-19 is a β-coronavirus serotype which is a single strain of RNA virus and was an outbreak in 2002 (SARS-CoV) and 2012 (MERS-CoV). COVID-19 has Open Reading Frames (ORFs) consisting of Spikes (S), Envelopes (E), Membranes (M), and Nucleocapsids (N) with S parts being a glycoprotein that can attach to receptors owned by host cells, the receptors are CD 26, ACE-2, Ezrin, and Cyclophilins with the main receptor being ACE-2 in the lung organs. Process would evoke a host body's immune response consisting of natural and adaptive immune systems, involving the Antigen Presenting Cell (APC) system which consists of two, namely: Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I and II. APC could also generate adaptive immune system, consists of B and T cells. COVID-19 had the ability to survive in B and T cells, so that cytokine-chemokine secretion continues to be known as cytokine storm that trigger Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and death. Conclusion: The recovery prognosis of COVID-19 depended on the detection of COVID-19 patients because it was related to the severity of ARDS, so the earlier it was detected, the greater the chance of recovery.