Lung Cancer: A Literature Review

Yan Efrata Sembiring (Department of Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga/Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.)
Wiwin Is Effendi (Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga/Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.)
Jeffrey Jeswant Dillon (Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Institut Jantung Negara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.)
Heroe Soebroto (Department of Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga/Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.)
Dhihintia Jiwangga Suta Winarno (Department of Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga/Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.)
Puruhito Puruhito (Department of Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga/Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.)
I Gusti Agung Made Adnyanya Putra (Department of Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga/Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.)
Abed Nego Okthara Sebayang (Department of Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga/Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.)
Sri Pramesthi Wisnu Bowo Negoro (Department of Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga/Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.)

Jurnal Respirasi (JR)
Vol. 9 No. 3 (2023): September 2023

Lung cancer is a cancer whose onset starts in the lungs where there is an abnormal cell growth that is very fast and uncontrolled. The abnormal cell growth is triggered by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage, including deletions in the DNA section, inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, activation of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes, the absence of apoptosis, and the activity of the telomerase enzyme. Lung cancer is initiated by oncogeneous activity and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Oncogenes are genes that help cells grow and divide and are believed to cause a person to develop lung cancer. In general, lung cancer is divided into two types, namely non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). World Health Organization (WHO) classifies lung cancer based on histopathology into 4 major cell types, namely SCLC, NSCLC which includes adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and large cell carcinoma (LCC). The difference between the two is that SCLC has a higher aggressiveness than NSCLC. Cancer treatment is based on the type, size, location and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall condition.