<![CDATA[Abstract. Virtual Tour Navigation should make it easy for beginners to find all the places in the virtual environment and allow them to remember or gain landmark knowledge about the virtual environment being explored. Navigation guides help novices to find and reach locations quickly, but the use of guides can reduce the acquisition of spatial knowledge because users are less active in encoding the environment into spatial working memory. Generally, users can move between locations using navigation arrows on the virtual tour. All navigation arrows are displayed to be able to move throughout the room according to the user's wishes, which we call non-linear or free navigation. This causes beginners to get lost and fail to find all locations. This research proposes a user guide in Virtual Tour by limiting user exploration. User exploration can only be done linearly where certain navigation arrows appear gradually every time a room is found. To prevent users from getting lost, navigation arrows are coloured differently when heading to locations they have already visited. This research was applied to virtual tours based on 360 panoramic photos. The test results showed that virtual tours that used linear navigation guides obtained faster completion times than virtual tours with non-linear navigation. In testing landmark knowledge, there was no significant difference between linear and non-linear virtual tours. This shows that the guidelines proposed by the researchers do not cause a decrease in spatial learning outcomes and still provide advantage in navigation time.]]>
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