<![CDATA[This paper introduces an improved particle swarm optimization (iPSO) algorithm designed for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in photovoltaic (PV) systems. The proposed algorithm incorporates a novel reinitialization mechanism that dynamically detects and adapts to environmental changes. Additionally, an exponentially decreasing inertia weight is utilized to balance exploration and exploitation, ensuring rapid convergence to the global maximum power point (GMPP). A deterministic initialization strategy is employed to uniformly distribute particles across the search space, thereby increasing the likelihood of identifying the GMPP. The iPSO algorithm is thoroughly evaluated using a MATLAB/Simulink simulation and validated with real-time hardware, including a boost DC-DC converter, dSPACE, and a Chroma PV simulator. Comparative analysis with conventional PSO and PSO-reinit algorithms under various irradiance patterns demonstrates that the iPSO consistently outperforms in terms of convergence speed and MPPT efficiency. The study highlights the robustness of the iPSO algorithm in bridging theoretical models with practical applications.]]>
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