<![CDATA[Students' understanding of the concept of circles is still low, which can be influenced by differences in presentation in textbooks between countries and curriculum. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze by comparing the material and questions on the topic of circles in Indonesian and Indian mathematics textbooks in terms of facts, concepts, principles, cognitive levels, PISA framework, and problem-solving questions. This study was conducted using a descriptive-comparative method with a qualitative approach. The objects of this study were Indonesian mathematics textbooks Merdeka Curriculum for grade XI and Curriculum 2013 for grade VIII, as well as Indian mathematics textbooks for grade X. The results showed that the three books had different focuses in delivering the material. Indian books emphasized formal proofs and geometric visualizations and included exploratory activities based on practice. Indonesian books, Curriculum 2013, focused more on contextual activities and gradual discovery of concepts, while Merdeka Curriculum books emphasized conceptual understanding through an exploratory and reflective approach. The questions in the Merdeka Curriculum book are more cognitively diverse, in line with the PISA framework and Polya's problem-solving stages. This finding is essential for developing adaptive textbooks that support higher-order thinking and 21st-century mathematical literacy.]]>
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