<![CDATA[This study aims to historically examine the development of Islam under three major powers in Islamic world history: the Ottoman Empire, the Safavid Dynasty, and the Mongol Empire. These three powers played a vital role in the spread of Islam, the formation of Islamic culture, and their influence on political and religious systems. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with a literature review method. Based on the analysis of the development of Islam during the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mongol periods, it can be concluded that these powers had a significant role in shaping the political, religious, and civilizational dynamics of Islam in various regions. The Ottoman Empire presented a model of organized and stable Sunni Islamic caliphate capable of uniting Muslims across continents through the institutionalization of the Hanafi school and the support of Islamic science and culture. The Safavid Dynasty, although ideologically different from the Ottomans, succeeded in establishing a strong Islamic identity in Persia by adopting Twelver Shi’ism as the state foundation, building Shi’ite educational centers, and advancing Islamic arts and architecture. Meanwhile, the Mongol power, initially known as the destroyer of Islamic civilization, eventually became a protector and disseminator of Islam after its rulers converted to the religion, supported the development of scholarly institutions, and expanded the influence of Islam into Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. These three powers demonstrate that the development of Islam was deeply influenced by the dynamics of political authority, yet Islam remained flexible and highly adaptive to various social and cultural contexts, thus establishing itself as a global civilization that continues to evolve through the ages]]>
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