<![CDATA[Collaboration skills are essential competencies emphasized in the Merdeka Curriculum as part of the gotong royong dimension in the Pancasila Student Profile. However, observations at an Islamic boarding school-based senior high school in Madura indicated that students' collaboration skills were still low due to the dominance of teacher-centered learning. This study aimed to examine the effect of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model on the collaboration skills of tenth-grade students in biology learning. A quantitative approach was used with a quasi-experimental design involving a non-equivalent control group. The participants consisted of 62 students, divided into an experimental group (n = 32) that received PBL treatment and a control group (n = 30) that received direct instruction. Data on collaboration skills were collected using an observation sheet adapted from Hermawan, Widodo, and Saputra (2017), covering aspects such as contribution, time management, problem-solving, teamwork, and inquiry. The results of the Mann–Whitney U test showed a significant difference between the groups (U = 26.500, Z = –6.456, p < .001), with the experimental group achieving a higher median score (15.00) than the control group (10.00). The effect size was 1.60, indicating a significant effect. These findings demonstrate that PBL is effective in enhancing students' collaboration skills through active learning processes, and it is recommended for broader implementation in Islamic boarding school-based schools to support 21st-century education goals.]]>
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