<![CDATA[This study aims to explore models of the relationship between religion and the state in the Indonesian context by examining the thoughts of two prominent moderate Muslim intellectuals: Nurcholish Madjid and Abdurrahman Wahid. Utilizing a qualitative method through library research and content analysis, this study analyzes academic literature, ideological interpretations, and the socio-political historical context of Indonesia. The findings reveal three prevailing approaches: the integralistic, the secularistic, and the ethical-substantive model. Both Madjid and Wahid advocate for the ethical-substantive approach, which promotes justice, freedom, and deliberation within a democratic framework, without turning religion into a state ideology. The study concludes that their moderate perspectives are highly relevant for maintaining a balance between religious spirituality and state rationality in a pluralistic society. It is recommended that this ethical-substantive approach be adopted in public policy formulation and inclusive civic education in Indonesia.Keywords: Religion; State; Democracy; Ethical-Substantive Approach; Indonesia.]]>
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