<![CDATA[The quality of measurement instruments is an essential factor in ensuring accurate and meaningful learning assessments. However, many test instruments have not undergone empirical validation, which reduces their reliability and accuracy. This study aimed to develop and empirically validate a conceptual understanding test on dynamic electricity for high school students. A quantitative descriptive design was employed involving 66 students who had studied the topic of dynamic electricity. Item analysis included validity, reliability, discrimination index, and difficulty level tests. The results showed that 11 multiple-choice items met the criteria for validity and reliability with appropriate levels of difficulty and discrimination. These findings indicate that the developed instrument has good quality and can consistently measure students’ conceptual understanding. Therefore, this test instrument can be used by teachers and researchers as a representative and high-quality tool to evaluate students’ conceptual mastery and improve the quality of physics learning assessment.]]>
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