<![CDATA[Cigarette object detection in indoor environments plays a vital role for enforcing smoke-free zone regulations and protecting public health from secondhand smoke exposure. This study investigates the performance of YOLOv11n architecture integrated with three lightweight backbone modifications (MobileNetV2, GhostNet, and ShuffleNet V2) for real-time cigarette detection with the aim of achieving efficiency suitable for potential deployment on resource-constrained edge devices. Comprehensive experiments were conducted using the Cigar Detection Dataset comprising 5,333 images, augmented to 8,890 samples through horizontal flipping and brightness adjustment techniques. All models were trained for 100 epochs using the SGD optimizer on an NVIDIA Tesla T4 GPU. The evaluation metrics included detection accuracy (mAP@0.5, mAP@0.5:0.95, precision, recall, and F1-score) and computational efficiency (parameters, model size, GFLOPs, and FPS). Experimental results demonstrate that the pretrained YOLOv11n baseline achieves the highest detection accuracy with mAP@0.5 of 0.8072 and precision of 0.8688. Among lightweight backbone variants, ShuffleNet V2 (0.5x) provides the most compact solution with only 2.28M parameters and a 4.73 MB model size, while ShuffleNet V2 (0.75x) offers an optimal balance between accuracy (mAP@0.5: 0.7430) and efficiency with only 0.95% accuracy degradation compared to the 1.0x variant. These findings provide practical guidance for selecting appropriate model configurations based on deployment constraints in smoke-free area monitoring systems.]]>
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