<![CDATA[Spatial analysis has become an essential approach in understanding social phenomena that are closely related to geographic location and spatial distribution. This article aims to examine methods and techniques of spatial analysis based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and their application in social studies. This study employs a literature review method by analyzing recent and relevant theoretical sources related to GIS, spatial analysis, and social mapping. The results show that spatial analysis techniques such as buffering, overlay, hotspot analysis, kernel density estimation, and nearest neighbor analysis are effective tools for identifying social inequality, accessibility of public services, vulnerability to disasters, and regional development priorities. Furthermore, the integration of GIS and participatory social mapping strengthens evidence-based policymaking and supports sustainable and inclusive development. Therefore, spatial analysis is not merely a technical tool but a scientific approach that links social data with spatial context to improve the quality of planning and decision-making.]]>
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