<![CDATA[Understanding how learners process information is essential to designing effective instruction. This literature review explores the concept of information processing in learning, focusing on mental structures, cognitive stages, and instructional strategies that support meaningful learning. Findings show that learning occurs optimally when teachers facilitate attention, perception, encoding, storage, and retrieval processes. This article emphasizes the importance of cognitive load management, prior knowledge activation, and scaffolding to strengthen students’ ability to process and retain information. Recommendations are provided to enhance instructional design in Indonesian primary schools.]]>
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