<![CDATA[Fourth grade represents a critical transition period in elementary mathematics education where students encounter increasingly abstract concepts requiring sophisticated pedagogical approaches. This systematic literature review synthesizes 32 empirical studies (2021-2025) examining concrete-representational-abstract (CRA) instructional sequences, affective dimensions, and Merdeka Curriculum implementation challenges in fourth-grade mathematics learning. Analysis reveals three primary findings: First, systematic CRA/CPA progressions significantly enhance conceptual understanding across fractions, geometry, and algebraic thinking, yet classroom implementation frequently exhibits problematic practices including premature abstraction or prolonged concrete manipulation. Second, mathematical self-efficacy, mathematics anxiety, and achievement demonstrate consistent bidirectional relationships, with fourth grade constituting a consequential period for mathematical identity formation. Third, Merdeka Curriculum's numeracy literacy emphasis confronts substantial implementation obstacles including conceptual misconceptions, inadequate professional development, resource limitations, structural constraints, and policy misalignments.]]>
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