<![CDATA[Understanding mathematical concepts at the elementary school level is often a challenge due to the abstract nature of the material and the lack of learning approaches that are appropriate to the stage of students' cognitive development. This urgency demands innovation in the application of contextual and adaptive learning models. This article aims to review and analyze the effectiveness of various relevant mathematics learning models applied in elementary schools, especially in the material of flat shapes, through literature studies and empirical reviews. The method used is descriptive qualitative research with a literature review approach, referring to theoretical sources and the latest research results. The results of the study show that models such as Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL), Problem- Based Learning (PBL), and Indonesian Realistic Mathematics Education (PMRI) can significantly improve students' conceptual understanding, engagement, and critical thinking skills. In conclusion, the development of effective learning models requires systemic support from teachers, schools, and policy makers. This study recommends the need to strengthen teacher competence and cross-sector collaboration to support meaningful and sustainable mathematics learning innovations.]]>
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