<![CDATA[This article aims to examine the dynamics of power relations between the state, clerics, and society in the production of religious authority in Indonesia. Conceptually, this research uses the Theory of Religious Authority: Weber and Foucault, and power relations between the state, clerics, and society in the sociology of religion. Through a literature review approach, in the last two decades, social changes due to globalization, digitalization, and political transformation have created a new landscape in Islamic religious authority. By examining various academic literatures, this paper identifies three main formations of ulama authority: state, conservative-independent and progressive. State ulama authority is often institutionalized through official institutions and supports moderate Islamic projects as part of domestic policy strategies. Meanwhile, conservative and revivalist ulama emphasize the importance of purification of teachings and resistance to secular values. On the other hand, progressive ulama advocate for the reinterpretation of Islamic teachings within the framework of social justice and human rights. Keywords: religious authority, ulama, state, digital media, power relations]]>
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