<![CDATA[This paper examines the relationship between public spending and sustainable development outcomes in emerging economies during 2000–2023. Using panel data for upper- and lower-middle-income countries, the study analyzes how government expenditure on education, health, and renewable energy consumption influence carbon emissions, life expectancy, and economic growth as proxies for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Empirical estimation employs pooled OLS, fixed effects, and random effects models, with Breusch–Pagan LM and Hausman tests guiding model selection. The results reveal that higher education and health expenditure are associated with improved sustainability indicators, while renewable energy use significantly reduces carbon emissions. Conversely, GDP growth and trade openness exhibit mixed environmental effects. The findings highlight the importance of targeted fiscal policies in balancing growth and sustainability.]]>
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