<![CDATA[Pagar Alam Robusta coffee contributes significantly to the regional economy. Its cultivation and processing systems pose environmental challenges. This study compares the environmental performance of two cultivation methods (conventional-K1 and non-pesticide-K2) and six processing methods (natural origin-A1, broken skin origin-A2, natural aerobic-N1, natural anaerobic-N2, honey aerobic-H1, and honey anaerobic-H2). A cradle-to-gate Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was conducted using a functional unit of 100 kg of green coffee beans, covering four impact categories: global warming potential (GWP), ozone depletion potential (ODP), acidification potential (AP), and eutrophication potential (EP). In the cultivation subsystem, K1 produced emissions of 85.70–117.00 kg CO₂-eq (GWP), 3.53×10-6–4.80×10-6 kg CFC-11-eq (ODP), 0.37–0.50 kg SO₂-eq (AP), and 0.16–0.22 kg PO₄-eq (EP), while K2 produced much lower emissions: 23.00–31.30 kg CO₂-eq (GWP), 2.22×10-7–3.03×10-7 kg CFC-11-eq (ODP), 0.09–0.13 kg SO₂-eq (AP), and 0.03–0.04 kg PO₄-eq (EP). In the processing subsystem, H2 had the highest emissions: 14.77 kg CO₂-eq (GWP), 6.48 kg CFC-11-eq (ODP), 0.04 kg SO₂-eq (AP), and 0.02 kg PO₄-eq (EP), while A1 had the lowest emissions: 5.23 kg CO₂-eq (GWP), 3.87 kg CFC-11-eq (ODP), 0.01 kg SO₂-eq (AP), and 0.001 kg PO₄-eq (EP). Implementing an improvement scenario based on non-pesticide cultivation (K2) could reduce emissions by approximately 65–93% across all impact categories. These findings demonstrate that adopting pesticide-free cultivation combined with simpler processing methods can significantly reduce the environmental footprint of Robusta coffee production in Pagar Alam and support more sustainable coffee management practices.]]>
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