<![CDATA[This study aims to analyze the implementation of Law No. 4 of 2009 concerning Mineral and Coal Mining and identify the direction of policy reform needed in the mineral and mineral sector in Indonesia. Using a qualitative approach based on systematic literature studies, the research examined various international academic articles, global organization reports, policy documents, and government publications related to extractive sector governance. The results of the study show that the 2009 Mineral and Mineral Law marks an important paradigm shift in natural resource management through strengthening the role of the state and reforming the licensing system. However, its implementation still faces significant challenges such as weak central-regional coordination, limited supervisory capacity, and ineffective law enforcement against environmental and social violations. The literature also reveals that institutional and governance factors are the main determinants of regulatory success, not just the substance of the law. Therefore, further reforms are needed in the form of regulatory harmonization, institutional capacity building, strengthening transparency mechanisms, and the adoption of mine monitoring technology. This research contributes to understanding the dynamics of mining policy and offers directions for strengthening the governance of the mineral and mineral sector in the future]]>
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