<![CDATA[This study aims to optimize biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using ultrasonic technology combined with Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The investigated variables include the methanol-to-oil molar ratio (6–12), alkaline catalyst concentration (1–3 wt%), and ultrasonic reaction time (480–1440 s). Based on 17 experimental runs, a two-factor interaction (2FI) linear regression model was developed. ANOVA results indicate that all variables significantly affect biodiesel yield (p < 0.05), with catalyst concentration as the most influential factor. The model demonstrates high predictive accuracy (R² = 0.937; adjusted R² = 0.900; MAE = 2.24%; RMSE = 2.84%). Optimization results indicate optimal conditions at a methanol-to-oil ratio of 10.96, a catalyst concentration of 1.03 wt%, and a reaction time of 1414.79 s, yielding 96.84% FAME. Ultrasonic technology effectively enhances mixing and accelerates reactions via cavitation. This study provides practical operational guidance to improve the efficiency of sustainable biodiesel production and support carbon emission reduction.]]>
Copyrights © 2026
