<![CDATA[Agarwood powder, a by-product of agarwood processing, still contains valuable aromatic compounds, including sesquiterpenoids and chromones, used in aroma-based industries. However, its utilization remains limited due to the lack of simple and efficient extraction strategies. This study aims to investigate the effects of prolonged maceration time and agitation on the yield, acid value, and functional groups of agarwood resin extracted from agarwood powder using ethanol at a 1:3 (w/v) ratio, under agitated and non-agitated conditions for two and seven months. The results demonstrate that maceration time and agitation influence resin recovery and quality. The highest resin yield (4.537% v/w) was obtained after seven months of maceration without agitation, indicating that static conditions more effectively promote gradual diffusion and accumulation of high-molecular-weight resin compounds while minimizing mechanical and oxidative degradation. In contrast, agitated maceration resulted in lower yields (0.228–0.279% v/w) and higher acid values (10.9±0.85 mg NaOH/g), suggesting accelerated hydrolytic reactions and increased formation of free fatty acids, which may adversely affect resin quality. FTIR analysis showed that the principal functional groups of agarwood resin remained relatively stable under different maceration conditions. However, minor shifts in the O–H absorption bands suggested slight chemical changes, possibly related to enhanced hydrogen bonding and the formation of carboxylic acid groups during prolonged agitated maceration. These findings indicate that long-term static maceration has potential as a simple, low-energy, and sustainable extraction method to improve the utilization and commercial value of agarwood powder waste in resin-based industrial applications.]]>
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