<![CDATA[This paper examines the reasons behind the strengthening of the colonial state, the dynamics of local conflict, and the resistance undertaken by nationalist movements in Gorontalo, from the national awakening period in 1908 to the end of Dutch colonial rule in 1942. This paper also examines the process of strengthening the Dutch colonial state, with a focus on the dynamics of local conflict and the emergence of resistance by nationalist movements. This study demonstrates that local dynamics in Gorontalo cannot be separated from the repressive colonial political context, which simultaneously opened up space for political mobilization and education. The resistance of the movements, both in the form of organizations and collective action, articulated Gorontalo’s integration into Indonesian national history. The historical methods encompassing heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography confirm that the strengthening of the colonial state against the resistance of the nationalist movements was fundamentally due to Dutch colonial hegemony, which sought to realize territorial dominance as a form of strengthening the colonial state by imposing a system of government, economic commercialization, and social stratification toward modernity, thus generating resistance to these ideas.]]>
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