<![CDATA[Inclusive education has become a global educational priority, yet many Islamic educational institutions continue to face challenges in providing equitable learning opportunities for students with special educational needs. This study aims to develop an inclusive instructional model for Islamic Religious Education that accommodates learner diversity while maintaining educational quality and Islamic values. A Design-Based Research (DBR) methodology was employed involving curriculum adaptation, teacher training, classroom implementation, and iterative evaluation. Participants included teachers, school administrators, students with special educational needs, and parents from inclusive Islamic schools. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis and descriptive statistics. The findings indicate that differentiated instruction, Universal Design for Learning (UDL), collaborative teaching, assistive technologies, and flexible assessment substantially improve students’ participation, learning achievement, social interaction, and religious engagement. Teachers also reported increased confidence in managing inclusive classrooms. The novelty of this study lies in proposing an Inclusive Islamic Learning Framework that integrates Universal Design for Learning, differentiated pedagogy, and Islamic educational philosophy into a comprehensive model for equitable Islamic Religious Education]]>
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