Khazanah Theologia
Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025): Khazanah Theologia

Digital Religion and Hybrid Worship in a Protestant Minority Congregation

Deni Miharja (UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung)
M. Yusuf Wibisono (UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung)
Nisa Ainun Napisa Nisa (Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung)



Article Info

Publish Date
29 Jul 2025

Abstract

Purpose: This study examines how digital media are integrated into the religious life of GKP Cirebon, a Protestant minority congregation in Indonesia. Methods: This study employs a qualitative case study approach. Data were collected through field observation, digital observation of church platforms, documentation of online worship and congregational activities, and interviews with pastors, church administrators, and congregants. The data were analyzed thematically by classifying forms of religious activities, patterns of digital media integration, and categories of congregational response. Findings: The findings show that digital media at GKP Cirebon are used across three main domains of religious life: worship, religious education, and pastoral-social ministry. Digital integration operates through three modalities: livestreaming, interactive online participation, and digital communication. Congregational and pastoral responses are heterogeneous, consisting of positive acceptance, adaptive or ambivalent acceptance, and critical reservation. Digital platforms expand access to worship, religious education, pastoral care, and congregational communication, especially for members limited by mobility, time, health, or distance. However, physical worship remains central because it provides embodied fellowship, direct interaction, shared liturgical atmosphere, and communal intimacy. Implications: This study suggests that digital ministry should be developed not merely as a technical service but as a pastoral and communicative strategy. For local churches, digital media can extend access and sustain participation, but they need to be managed in ways that preserve physical fellowship, communal worship, and active congregational involvement. Originality/Value: This study contributes to digital religion and media studies by offering an empirical analysis of a Protestant minority congregation in Indonesia. Its originality lies in showing that digital media function as an extension of religious access rather than a replacement for physical worship, and in identifying the negotiation between digital accessibility and physical communality as a key dynamic in contemporary congregational life.

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Journal Info

Abbrev

kt

Publisher

Subject

Religion Humanities Computer Science & IT Education Social Sciences

Description

Khazanah Theologia is an academic journal focusing on the dynamic intersection of Cyber Theology and Digital Religion The journal examines how digital transformation reshapes religious practices theological thought and spiritual experiences It provides an interdisciplinary platform for scholarly ...