Enigma in Law
Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025): Enigma in Law

Mandatory but Unverified: A Socio-Legal Analysis of ESG Disclosure Decoupling under POJK 51/2017 and ASEAN-5 Regimes

Arya Ganendra (Department of Literacy, Emerald Language Institute, Balikpapan, Indonesia)
Grace Freya Purba (Department of Archeology, Enigma Institute, Palembang, Indonesia)
Firzan Dahlan (Department of History Science, Enigma Institute, Palembang, Indonesia)



Article Info

Publish Date
27 Jul 2026

Abstract

Indonesian law makes corporate sustainability disclosure mandatory, yet doubt attends it: that firms produce the appearance of compliance, not its substance. This article turns that doubt into a legal question and a measurable test. Framed as empirical socio-legal research anchored in Article 74 of UU No. 40/2007 and POJK No. 51/POJK.03/2017, it distinguishes the breadth of what firms are legally induced to commit to from the depth to which commitments are verified, coding both from primary documents. A structured content analysis of the fiscal 2023–2024 sustainability reports of fifty large-cap firms — ten per ASEAN-5 market — scored fourteen binary indicators (six symbolic, eight substantive), with reliability confirmed by a blind second coder (Cohen's kappa 0.784). Symbolic commitment was near-saturated (mean 0.97) while substantive verification was uneven (0.74), producing a mean gap of +0.235; 78% of firms disclosed more than they verified. Decisively, the two dimensions were statistically independent (Spearman rho = 0.08, p = 0.57): the breadth of a firm's promises carried no information about their verification. The gap tracked regime maturity (Kruskal-Wallis p = 0.002), rising from Singapore (0.07) to the Philippines (0.41), and shrank under state ownership, but was unrelated to environmental exposure. The binding constraint on credible compliance is therefore the legal demand for verification, not corporate ambition. The article assesses Indonesia's regime de lege lata and proposes three de lege ferenda reforms — mandatory external assurance, prescribed Scope 1–3 reporting, and enforced comparability with graduated sanctions — grounded in the 1945 Constitution and ISSB convergence.

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Journal Info

Abbrev

law

Publisher

Subject

Humanities Environmental Science Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice

Description

Focus Enigma in Law focused on the development of law fields for human well-being. Scope Enigma in Law publishes articles which encompass all aspects of law fields, especially all type of original articles, review articles, narrative review, meta-analysis, systematic review, mini-reviews and book ...