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Arya Ganendra
Department of Literacy, Emerald Language Institute, Balikpapan, Indonesia
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 1 
Building a Profession from the Ground Up: A Longitudinal Study of Teacher Professional Development and Pedagogical Innovation in Papuan Private Schools Iis Sugandhi; Arya Ganendra; Aaliyah El-Hussaini; Gayatri Putri; Evelyn Wang; Anita Havyasari; Muhammad Hasan
Enigma in Education Vol. 3 No. 1 (2025): Enigma in Education
Publisher : Enigma Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61996/edu.v3i1.90

Abstract

Teacher quality is the most significant school-based determinant of student success, yet fostering professional excellence in remote and culturally diverse regions like Papua, Indonesia, presents profound challenges. Private schools often fill critical educational gaps but their teachers can be professionally isolated. This study addressed the gap in long-term, evidence-based research on teacher professional development (TPD) in this unique context. A three-year (2021-2024) concurrent mixed-methods longitudinal study was conducted. The study involved 50 teachers from a network of five private schools in urban, semi-rural, and remote highland regions of Papua. A comprehensive TPD program, focusing on student-centered learning and culturally responsive pedagogy, was implemented. Quantitative data were collected annually using the Teacher Pedagogical Knowledge Test (TPKT), the Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale (TSES), and a structured Classroom Observation Protocol. Qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured interviews, teacher reflective journals, and focus group discussions with Professional Learning Communities (PLCs). Quantitative data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The longitudinal quantitative analysis revealed statistically significant improvements across all three years. Mean TPKT scores increased from 48.5 (SD=11.2) at baseline to 79.8 (SD=8.5) at endline (F(2, 98) = 157.2, p <0.001). Teacher self-efficacy scores also showed significant growth (F(2, 98) = 112.9, p <0.001). Classroom observations confirmed a marked shift from teacher-centered to student-centered practices. Qualitative findings identified three core themes: (1) "From Transmission to Facilitation: A Pedagogical Awakening," detailing the shift in teachers' core beliefs about learning; (2) "The Power of the Collective," highlighting the crucial role of PLCs in sustaining motivation and collaborative problem-solving; and (3) "Navigating the Cultural Interface," illustrating the teachers' journey in adapting curriculum to be more culturally responsive. In conclusion, sustained, context-specific, and collaborative TPD can foster profound and lasting improvements in teacher knowledge, self-efficacy, and classroom practice, even in highly challenging environments. The findings advocate for a shift away from isolated, short-term workshops towards integrated, long-term models that prioritize peer collaboration and cultural relevance, revealing a clear pathway from knowledge acquisition to a transformed professional identity.
Green Skills Readiness and Curriculum Alignment in Indonesian Vocational Schools (SMK): Evidence for Blue Economy and National Sustainability Competency 2045 Harun Urrashid; Arya Ganendra
Enigma in Education Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025): Enigma in Education
Publisher : Enigma Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61996/edu.v3i2.115

Abstract

The integration of green skills within vocational education curricula is a critical prerequisite for achieving sustainable development objectives, particularly in maritime nations such as Indonesia. This cross-sectional study, conducted from January to June 2024, examined green skills readiness and curriculum alignment with blue economy and sustainability frameworks among 312 teachers at Indonesian Vocational High Schools (Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan, SMK) across five regions, recruited through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using validated instruments — the Green Skills Readiness Scale (GSRS; Cronbach's α = 0.87) and the Curriculum Alignment Scale (CAS; α = 0.84) — and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, chi-square tests, effect size measures, and multivariable logistic regression. The overall green skills readiness score was moderate (mean 64.4 ± 7.6; range 41.0–87.4), while curriculum alignment remained below the adequate threshold (mean 53.9 ± 7.4). Curriculum alignment was the only statistically significant factor independently associated with high green skills readiness (OR = 2.27; 95% CI: 1.80–2.87; p < 0.01; Nagelkerke R² = 0.23; model AUC = 0.81), indicating that teachers in well-aligned schools had 2.27 times greater odds of demonstrating high readiness. Blue Economy Alignment was the most deficient subscale (mean 49.4 ± 17.3). These findings highlight a critical structural gap in current SMK curricula and underscore the need for targeted national curriculum reform aligned with Indonesia's 2045 sustainability agenda and the blue economy imperative.
Dose-Dependent Association Between Pancasila Student Profile (P5) Curriculum Exposure and Civic Engagement Among Indonesian Secondary School Students Arya Ganendra; Delia Tamim
Enigma in Education Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026): Enigma in Education
Publisher : Enigma Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61996/edu.v4i1.124

Abstract

The Projek Penguatan Profil Pelajar Pancasila (P5; Pancasila Student Profile Strengthening Project), a defining component of Indonesia’s Kurikulum Merdeka introduced in 2022, was designed to cultivate civic values and participatory dispositions among secondary students through interdisciplinary, project-based learning, yet large-scale quantitative evidence on its association with measurable civic engagement remains scarce. This cross-sectional study evaluated the association between P5 exposure intensity and civic engagement among Indonesian secondary school adolescents, controlling for established sociodemographic confounders. A stratified cluster sample of 312 students (Grades 10–12) was recruited from 18 public and private, urban and rural secondary schools across five Indonesian provinces. Civic engagement was measured with a 25-item instrument adapted from the IEA International Civic and Citizenship Education Study framework (Cronbach’s α = 0.84; composite 0–100; high engagement ≥ 65). P5 exposure was classified as high, moderate, or low from school-level participation scores. Multivariable binary logistic regression identified independent predictors of high civic engagement. Civic-engagement scores increased monotonically across exposure groups (low 49.1, moderate 61.0, high 72.3; ANOVA F(2,309) = 86.85, p < 0.001; η² = 0.36; Cohen’s d = 2.04 for high vs low). High P5 exposure was independently associated with markedly increased odds of high civic engagement (adjusted OR = 17.12; 95% CI 3.82–76.74; p < 0.001), as was each unit of continuous participation (OR = 2.44; 95% CI 1.71–3.48; p < 0.001); the model showed good fit (AUC = 0.82; Nagelkerke R² = 0.41). In conclusion, these findings provide early large-scale quantitative evidence that P5 exposure is robustly associated with stronger civic engagement, supporting high-fidelity, equitable national implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum.
Mandatory but Unverified: A Socio-Legal Analysis of ESG Disclosure Decoupling under POJK 51/2017 and ASEAN-5 Regimes Arya Ganendra; Grace Freya Purba; Firzan Dahlan
Enigma in Law Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025): Enigma in Law
Publisher : Enigma Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61996/law.v3i2.129

Abstract

Indonesian law makes corporate sustainability disclosure mandatory, yet doubt attends it: that firms produce the appearance of compliance, not its substance. This article turns that doubt into a legal question and a measurable test. Framed as empirical socio-legal research anchored in Article 74 of UU No. 40/2007 and POJK No. 51/POJK.03/2017, it distinguishes the breadth of what firms are legally induced to commit to from the depth to which commitments are verified, coding both from primary documents. A structured content analysis of the fiscal 2023–2024 sustainability reports of fifty large-cap firms — ten per ASEAN-5 market — scored fourteen binary indicators (six symbolic, eight substantive), with reliability confirmed by a blind second coder (Cohen's kappa 0.784). Symbolic commitment was near-saturated (mean 0.97) while substantive verification was uneven (0.74), producing a mean gap of +0.235; 78% of firms disclosed more than they verified. Decisively, the two dimensions were statistically independent (Spearman rho = 0.08, p = 0.57): the breadth of a firm's promises carried no information about their verification. The gap tracked regime maturity (Kruskal-Wallis p = 0.002), rising from Singapore (0.07) to the Philippines (0.41), and shrank under state ownership, but was unrelated to environmental exposure. The binding constraint on credible compliance is therefore the legal demand for verification, not corporate ambition. The article assesses Indonesia's regime de lege lata and proposes three de lege ferenda reforms — mandatory external assurance, prescribed Scope 1–3 reporting, and enforced comparability with graduated sanctions — grounded in the 1945 Constitution and ISSB convergence.
A Solvent-Free, Mechanochemical Process for Sustainable Recycling of Neodymium and Dysprosium from E-Waste Magnets Khairul Raziqin; Arya Ganendra; Abdul Malik
Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology Journal Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Natural Sciences Engineering and Technology Journal
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/nasetjournal.v5i2.73

Abstract

The escalating demand for rare earth elements (REEs), particularly neodymium (Nd) and dysprosium (Dy), for high-performance NdFeB magnets, has created significant supply chain vulnerabilities and environmental concerns associated with primary mining. End-of-life electronic waste (e-waste) represents a substantial secondary resource for these critical materials. This study introduces a novel, environmentally benign approach for recovering Nd and Dy from waste NdFeB magnets. A solvent-free mechanochemical process was developed and optimized. Waste NdFeB magnet powder, sourced from discarded hard disk drives collected in Indonesia, was co-milled with ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) in a high-energy planetary ball mill. The influence of key process parameters, including milling time (60-360 min), milling speed (200-500 rpm), and the mass ratio of NH₄Cl to magnet powder (1:1 to 5:1), on the extraction efficiency of Nd and Dy was systematically investigated. The structural and morphological transformations were characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). Metal recovery was quantified via subsequent water leaching and analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The mechanochemical treatment successfully converted the insoluble rare earth phases within the magnet matrix into water-soluble rare earth chlorides. Under optimal conditions—a milling time of 240 minutes, a speed of 400 rpm, and a NH₄Cl-to-magnet mass ratio of 3:1—the process achieved remarkable extraction efficiencies of 98.6% for Nd and 96.2% for Dy. XRD analysis confirmed the transformation of the Nd₂Fe₁₄B phase into REE chlorides, alongside iron and iron boride phases. SEM imaging revealed a significant reduction in particle size and the formation of agglomerated composite particles, crucial for the solid-state reaction. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that solvent-free mechanochemistry is a highly effective and sustainable alternative to conventional hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical recycling methods. The process operates at ambient temperature, eliminates the need for corrosive acids and organic solvents, and exhibits high recovery rates, presenting a viable pathway towards a circular economy for critical rare earth elements from e-waste.
Co-Authors Aaliyah El-Hussaini Abdul Malik Anita Havyasari Delia Tamim Evelyn Wang Firzan Dahlan Gayatri Putri Grace Freya Purba Harun Urrashid Iis Sugandhi Khairul Raziqin Muhammad Hasan