<![CDATA[Understanding students students’ characteristics and learning typologies is essential for creating effective, inclusive, and student-centered learning. This study aims to examine visual, auditory, and kinesthetic (VAK) learning styles and their relationship with learning outcomes, learning interest, and innovative learning models in the context of the Independent Curriculum and the digital era. The study uses a library research method by analyzing 10 relevant scientific journal articles.The findings show that the VAK learning typology remains relevant, although the dominant learning style varies depending on age and learning context. Visual and kinesthetic styles tend to have a positive relationship with learning outcomes in digital environments, while auditory learning styles show varied results. In addition, differentiated learning, flipped classroom, and adaptive game-based learning are effective in accommodating diverse learning styles. Therefore, identifying students’ learning typologies is an important step in developing adaptive and personalized learning for the 21 st century]]>
Copyrights © 2026
