<![CDATA[This study aims to analyze the forms of learning difficulties and the factors causing learning difficulties in multiplication and division arithmetic operations among fifth-grade students at SDN 08 Timonong. This research employed a qualitative descriptive approach. The participants consisted of 14 fifth-grade students and one classroom teacher. Data were collected through observations, tests, interviews, and documentation. The data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman model, including data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings revealed four major forms of learning difficulties experienced by students, namely difficulties in understanding word problems, procedural errors in solving multiplication and division problems, weak mastery of basic mathematical concepts, and low levels of motivation and learning concentration. Furthermore, the factors causing these difficulties were classified into internal and external factors. Internal factors included limited mastery of prerequisite concepts, low learning motivation, and lack of concentration during learning activities. External factors consisted of limited parental assistance at home, insufficient variation in instructional methods and learning media, and inadequate educational facilities. The study concludes that learning difficulties in multiplication and division are influenced by a combination of cognitive, motivational, instructional, and environmental factors. Therefore, collaborative efforts among teachers, parents, and schools are needed to improve students’ understanding of mathematical concepts and learning outcomes.]]>
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